Introduction to Excel-2: Working with Sheets
Creating / Deleting Sheets
Creating a New Sheet:
1. In Excel, go to the bottom left corner where sheet names are displayed.
2. Right-click on any sheet tab.
3. Select Insert > Worksheet to create a new sheet.
Deleting a Sheet:
1. Right-click on the sheet tab you want to delete.
2. Select Delete from the context menu.
3. Confirm the deletion in the prompt that appears.
Renaming Sheets
Renaming a Sheet:
1. Double-click on the sheet tab you want to rename.
2. Type the new name for the sheet and press Enter.
Copying / Moving Sheets
Copying a Sheet:
1. Right-click on the sheet tab you want to copy.
2. Select Move or Copy.
3. In the dialog box, choose where to place the copy (create a copy checkbox) and click OK.
Moving a Sheet:
1. Click and drag the sheet tab to the new location within the sheet tab area.
Inserting New Row and Column
Inserting a New Row:
o Row: Right-click on the row number where you want to insert a new row. Select Insert
from the context menu.
Inserting a New Column:
o Column: Right-click on the column letter where you want to insert a new column. Select
Insert from the context menu.
Deleting / Hiding Rows and Columns
Deleting Rows or Columns:
o Rows or Columns: Right-click on the row number or column letter you want to delete.
Select Delete from the context menu.
Hiding Rows or Columns:
o Rows or Columns: Select the rows or columns you want to hide by clicking on the row
numbers or column letters.
o Right-click and choose Hide from the context menu.
Excel-2: Advanced Operations
a) Changing the Width and Height of Columns and Rows
Changing Column Width:
1. Place the cursor on the right edge of the column header (between column letters).
2. Click and drag left or right to adjust the width.
Changing Row Height:
1. Place the cursor on the bottom edge of the row header (between row numbers).
2. Click and drag up or down to adjust the height.
Setting Specific Width or Height:
o Column Width: Right-click on the column header, select Column Width, and enter the
desired width in the dialog box.
o Row Height: Right-click on the row header, select Row Height, and enter the desired
height in the dialog box.
b) Finding and Selecting Data in a Given Range
Finding Data:
1. Go to the Home tab on the Excel ribbon.
2. Click on Find & Select in the Editing group.
3. Choose Find... to search for specific data within the workbook.
Selecting Data in a Range:
1. Click and drag to select a range of cells.
2. Hold down Shift while clicking to extend the selection.
3. Use Ctrl (Cmd on Mac) to select non-adjacent cells.
View Menu
Gridlines
Show or Hide Gridlines:
o Go to the View tab on the Excel ribbon.
o Check or uncheck Gridlines in the Show group to toggle visibility of gridlines in the
worksheet.
Freeze Panes
Freeze Panes:
o Select the row or column below or to the right of where you want the split to appear.
o Go to the View tab.
o Click on Freeze Panes in the Window group and select Freeze Panes from the
dropdown menu.
View Side by Side
View Side by Side:
o Go to the View tab.
o Click on View Side by Side in the Window group.
o This allows you to compare two open Excel windows or views side by side.
Synchronous Scrolling
Synchronous Scrolling:
o Ensure both Excel windows or views are open side by side.
o Click on Synchronous Scrolling in the Window group under the View tab.
o This feature synchronizes scrolling across both windows for easier comparison.
Merging Cells
Merging Cells:
1. Select the cells you want to merge.
2. Go to the Home tab on the Excel ribbon.
3. Click on the Merge & Center dropdown in the Alignment group.
4. Choose Merge Across or Merge Cells to merge the selected cells.
Split Cells
Splitting Cells:
o Splitting cells is typically done manually by adjusting column widths or inserting
additional columns and rows to separate content within merged cells.
Working with Charts in Excel
Create a Chart
To create a chart in Excel:
1. Select Data:
o Highlight the data range you want to include in the chart, including labels if applicable.
2. Insert Chart:
o Go to the Insert tab on the Excel ribbon.
o Click on the type of chart you want to create (e.g., Column Chart, Line Chart, Pie
Chart).
3. Customize Chart:
o Once inserted, you can customize the chart further by adding titles, axis labels, and
adjusting the chart elements using the Chart Tools provided in Excel.
Edit a Chart
To edit a chart in Excel:
1. Select Chart:
o Click on the chart you want to edit to select it. Handles and options for editing will
appear.
2. Chart Tools:
o Use the Chart Tools tabs (Design, Layout, Format) that appear on the Excel ribbon
when the chart is selected to make changes.
o Modify data series, chart styles, colors, labels, and other elements as needed.
3. Resize and Position:
o Click and drag the corners or edges of the chart to resize it.
o To move the chart, click and drag it to the desired location within the worksheet.
Print a Chart
To print a chart in Excel:
1. Select Chart:
o Click on the chart to select it.
2. Print Preview:
o Go to the File tab and select Print.
o Review the print preview to ensure the chart appears as desired on the page.
3. Print Settings:
o Adjust print settings such as paper size, orientation, and margins as needed.
o Click Print to send the chart to the printer.
Create a Chart for a Mathematical Equation
To create a chart for a mathematical equation in Excel, you can follow these general steps:
1. Enter Data:
o Enter the data points that correspond to the mathematical equation into Excel. For
example, if you have a function y=x2y = x^2y=x2, you would calculate several values of
yyy for given values of xxx.
2. Insert Chart:
o Select the data range that includes both xxx and yyy values.
o Go to the Insert tab on the Excel ribbon and choose the appropriate chart type that best
represents your equation (e.g., Scatter Plot for y=f(x)y = f(x)y=f(x) relationships, or
Line Chart for continuous functions).
3. Format Chart:
o Customize the chart's appearance, including axis labels, title, and legend to clearly
represent the mathematical relationship.
4. Print the Chart:
o Follow the steps outlined above under "Print a Chart" to print your mathematical
equation chart.
Introduction to HTML
HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the standard language used to create and design web pages. It
consists of various tags and elements that structure content on the web. Here’s an overview of HTML
tags and their uses:
Uses of HTML
HTML is used for:
Creating Web Pages: It provides the structure and layout of web pages.
Formatting Text: Allows text formatting such as headings, paragraphs, lists, and links.
Embedding Media: Embeds images, videos, and audio into web pages.
Creating Forms: Collects user input through forms for interaction.
Semantic Markup: Defines the meaning and structure of content for accessibility and SEO.
HTML Tags
Head: Contains meta-information about the HTML document, such as title, charset, etc.
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<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
Title: Sets the title of the HTML document that appears in the browser tab.
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<title>This is the Page Title</title>
Body: Contains the content of the HTML document that users see in the browser.
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<body>
<h1>Main Heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
Empty Tags: Tags without closing tags, like line breaks <br> or horizontal rules <hr>.
Container Tags: Tags that have opening and closing tags, wrapping content.
Headings (H1 to H6): Defines headings of different levels, from most important (H1) to least
important (H6).
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<h1>Main Heading</h1>
<h2>Subheading</h2>
Line Break (<br>): Inserts a line break within text.
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This is the first line.<br>
This is the second line.
Horizontal Rule (<hr>): Creates a thematic break or divider between paragraphs.
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<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<hr>
<p>This is another paragraph.</p>
Comment (<!-- -->): Allows you to insert comments in the HTML code that are not visible in
the browser.
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<!-- This is a comment -->
Background Color, Font, Bold, Italic, Text Alignment, and Paragraph
Setting Background Color: Use CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) to set background color for the
entire page or specific elements.
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<body style="background-color: lightblue;">
<!-- Page content -->
</body>
Font, Bold, Italic: Use CSS or inline styles to set font styles, bold (<strong>), and italic (<em>).
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<p style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; font-style:
italic;">
This is a bold and italic text.
</p>
Text Alignment: Use CSS or align attribute to set text alignment (left, center, right,
justify).
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<p style="text-align: center;">Center-aligned text.</p>
Paragraph (<p>): Defines a paragraph of text.
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<p>This is a paragraph of text.</p>
Lists in HTML and Related Tags
Ordered List
An ordered list (<ol>) is used to present items in a numbered sequence.
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<ol>
<li>Item 1</li>
<li>Item 2</li>
<li>Item 3</li>
</ol>
Unordered List
An unordered list (<ul>) is used to present items with bullet points.
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<ul>
<li>Item A</li>
<li>Item B</li>
<li>Item C</li>
</ul>
Definition List
A definition list (<dl>) is used to present items in a definition format with terms (<dt>) and their
definitions (<dd>).
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<dl>
<dt>Term 1</dt>
<dd>Definition 1</dd>
<dt>Term 2</dt>
<dd>Definition 2</dd>
</dl>
Background Image
To set a background image using CSS in HTML:
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
body {
background-image: url('background.jpg');
background-size: cover; /* Adjusts the size of the background image */
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<!-- Content of the page -->
</body>
</html>
Inserting Image Tag
To insert an image (<img>) in HTML:
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<img src="image.jpg" alt="Description of the image" width="300" height="200">
src: Specifies the path to the image file.
alt: Provides alternative text for screen readers and if the image fails to load.
width and height: Specify the dimensions of the image (optional).
Anchor Tag (Hyperlink)
An anchor tag (<a>) creates hyperlinks in HTML:
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<a href="https://www.example.com">Link Text</a>
href:Specifies the URL to link to.
Link Text: Text displayed as the clickable link.
Example: Combining Lists, Background Image, Image Tag, and Anchor Tag
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
body {
background-image: url('background.jpg');
background-size: cover;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h2>Lists Example</h2>
<h3>Ordered List</h3>
<ol>
<li>Item 1</li>
<li>Item 2</li>
<li>Item 3</li>
</ol>
<h3>Unordered List</h3>
<ul>
<li>Item A</li>
<li>Item B</li>
<li>Item C</li>
</ul>
<h3>Definition List</h3>
<dl>
<dt>Term 1</dt>
<dd>Definition 1</dd>
<dt>Term 2</dt>
<dd>Definition 2</dd>
</dl>
<h2>Inserting Image</h2>
<img src="image.jpg" alt="Description of the image" width="300" height="200">
<h2>Anchor Tag (Hyperlink)</h2>
<a href="https://www.example.com">Visit Example Website</a>
</body>
</html>
Introduction of Algorithm
An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure or formula for solving a problem. In programming, algorithms
are essential as they provide a clear and systematic approach to implementing solutions. Here are key
points about algorithms:
Definition: An algorithm is a finite sequence of well-defined, unambiguous instructions to solve
a problem.
Characteristics:
o Input: Takes input data or values.
o Output: Produces output or results.
o Deterministic: Each step is clear and leads to a single outcome.
o Termination: Ends after a finite number of steps.
Understanding and Preparing Flowcharts
Flowcharts are visual representations of processes or algorithms. They use standardized symbols to
depict the steps involved in a process, making complex workflows easier to understand. Here’s a basic
overview:
Symbols Used:
o Start/End: Represents the beginning or end of a process.
o Process: Represents a task or action.
o Decision: Represents a decision point (usually a yes/no or true/false condition).
o Input/Output: Represents inputting data into or outputting data from the process.
o Connector: Connects different parts of the flowchart.
Creating a Flowchart:
Identify Steps: Break down the process into sequential steps.
1.
Arrange Symbols: Use appropriate flowchart symbols to represent each step.
2.
Connect Symbols: Use arrows to show the flow of the process from one step to the next.
3.
Review and Refine: Ensure clarity and correctness of the flowchart.
4.
Example:
This flowchart represents the Collatz conjecture algorithm.
Evolution of Programming Languages
The evolution of programming languages has progressed through several generations, each marked by
advancements in technology and programming paradigms:
1. First Generation (1940s-1950s):
o Machine Language: Binary code directly understandable by computers.
2. Second Generation (1950s-1960s):
o Assembly Language: Symbolic representation of machine code using mnemonics.
3. Third Generation (1960s-1970s):
o High-Level Languages: Introduced structured programming with languages like Fortran,
COBOL, and BASIC.
o Procedural Paradigm: Focus on procedures and functions.
4. Fourth Generation (1980s-Present):
o Declarative Languages: SQL for database management.
o Object-Oriented Languages: C++, Java, Python; focus on objects and data abstraction.
5. Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond):
o AI and Logic Programming: Prolog, Lisp; focus on artificial intelligence and advanced
problem-solving.
Types of Programming Languages
Programming languages can be categorized based on their purpose and functionality:
1. Low-Level Languages:
o Machine Language: Binary code directly executed by hardware.
o Assembly Language: Mnemonic codes representing machine instructions.
2. High-Level Languages:
o Procedural Languages: Focus on procedures and functions (e.g., C, Pascal).
o Object-Oriented Languages: Organized around objects and classes (e.g., Java, Python).
o Functional Languages: Focus on mathematical functions (e.g., Haskell, Lisp).
o Scripting Languages: Automate the execution of tasks (e.g., JavaScript, Ruby).
o Domain-Specific Languages (DSLs): Tailored for specific applications or domains (e.g.,
SQL for databases).
Pseudo Coding
Pseudo code is a simple way of writing programming code in plain English or another natural language,
often used during the planning and design phase of software development. It helps developers outline
the logic of a program without worrying about the syntax of a specific programming language. Key
points about pseudo code include:
Purpose: To plan and describe the structure and flow of a program before actual coding begins.
Syntax: Informal and not tied to any specific programming language.
Use: Helps in understanding complex algorithms, communicating ideas, and refining program
logic.
Example of Pseudo Code:
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START
READ temperature from user
IF temperature > 30 THEN
DISPLAY "It's a hot day!"
ELSE IF temperature <= 10 THEN
DISPLAY "It's a cold day!"
ELSE
DISPLAY "It's neither hot nor cold."
ENDIF
END
Program
A program refers to a set of instructions or code written in a specific programming language to perform
a task on a computer. It is designed to carry out operations, manipulate data, or solve problems
according to predefined algorithms and logic.
Components of a Program:
o Input: Data or information provided to the program.
oProcessing: Actions and operations performed on the input data.
oOutput: Result or outcome produced by the program.
Example:
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// Java program to calculate the sum of two numbers
public class SumCalculator {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int a = 5;
int b = 3;
int sum = a + b;
System.out.println("Sum of " + a + " and " + b + " is: " + sum);
}
}
Compiler
A compiler is a software tool that translates high-level programming languages (like C, C++, Java) into
machine code (binary code) that the computer's processor can execute directly. Key points about
compilers include:
Process: Converts the entire source code of a program into machine code in one go.
Output: Generates an executable file or object code that can be run independently on a
computer.
Example:
o In C programming, the compiler translates .c source files into executable .exe files.
Interpreter
An interpreter is another type of software tool that translates and executes high-level programming
languages line-by-line or statement-by-statement. Key points about interpreters include:
Process: Reads each line of code, translates it into machine code, and immediately executes it.
Execution: Slower than compiled programs because it translates and executes code
simultaneously.
Example:
o Python uses an interpreter to execute .py source files directly without generating separate
executable files.
