ICO 2
PREPARED BY: ROMMEL A. HINGGOSA
ICO 2
PREPARED BY: ROMMEL A. HINGGOSA
This course aims to develop knowledge, skills, and
attitudes of the students in learning about personality
development. This includes the importance of personality,
process of personality, theories influencing personality, and
factors affecting the development of personality from
nature and nurture on their personality traits. It wil lalso
provide teachings that would expand their self-realization
as they reflect on their existing value system, their life
philosophy, paradigms and perceptions. Through this
course, students will be able to understand how different
factors of personality influence their present behavior.
Outcomes
• define personality from multiple theoretical
perspectives and explain the key elements
influencing its development;
• differentiate between nature and nurture;
• construct a comparative chart of personality
theories and their core concepts; and
• demonstrate
05 openness to diverse influences on
personality by reflecting on one's own
development in relation to societal and
institutional agencies.
Personality is the sum total of the
qualities and characteristics of a person as
shown in her manner of walking, dressing
and her attitudes, interest and ways of
reacting to other people. It refers to all the
factors within the person that influence
his characteristics, ways of behaving,
thinking and feeling. It is your image on
others. It is also typical pattern of
thinking, feeling and behaviors that make a
person unique.
Is the conglomeration of an individual’s
thoughts, feelings, emotions, attitudes,
intelligence, interests and abilities. It is a
product of varied factors and elements that
may emanate from one’s nature and
environment as they journey through their
lifespan. Several theorists and thinkers
define personality according to their
unique perspectives.
It came from the Latin word “persona”
which means “mask”. It is what people
project which includes the inner areas of
psychological experience which we
collectively call as our “self ”. It provides
readiness as to how the individual
confront different types of people who
plays a significant roles in their lives.
They wear a different mask when at home,
in front of their peers, and even in the
workplace.
It comprised a dynamic pattern of
behavior, a consistent set of thoughts and
feelings that makes one distinct. It
undergoes a continuous process of change
through learning and re-learning. One’s
need to adjust to the constant changes of
life and experiences creates a personality
that is dynamic and well-adjusted.
Physical Aspect
This includes posture, body build and size, complexion, facial
expression, manner of dressing, grooming, health and physical
movement like standing, sitting, and walking.
Emotional Aspect
This includes your likes and dislikes, ability to control strong
feeling of emotions like love, fear, hatred, etc. It may also include
your poise or your ability to remain cool and calm when faced
with a difficult situation.
Psychological Aspect or the Value System
This includes personal attitudes toward life, your moral principles and values in life, your
beliefs, philosophy, and ambition. This is commonly known as CHARACTER.
Social Aspect
This includes social behavior, good manners, following norms of conduct and ethics that
governs society, getting along well with different people and developing interests in others.
Intellectual Aspect
This includes voice and speech, range of ideas one expresses, mental alertness, ability to
solve problems, ability to make good judgment and decisions. How a person talks and what
he talks about is what matters in this aspect
HALO EFFECT
The general first impression given to the person
during the first meeting.
APPEALING PERSONALITY
A personality who is generally liked by others.
REPELLING PERSONALITY
A personality who is generally disliked by
others.
Personality development is the relatively
enduring pattern of the thoughts, feelings,
and behaviors that distinguish individuals
from each other. The dominant viewpoint
in personality psychology indicates that
personality emerges early and continues to
develop across one's lifespan.
Development entails progression either
quantitatively or qualitatively. The same is
true with regards one’s persona. Personality
can be developed in either or both ways.
Every individual from the time of their birth
undergo several process of change that
affects their over-all pattern of behavior
and dispositions. Their confrontation with the
daily demands of life molds them into beings
with greater learning and allows them to from
a greater schema of life.
• Improving communication and language
• Boosting one’s confidence speaking abilities
• Widening one’s scope of knowledge
• Developing certain hobbies, talents, and skills
• Meeting new people
• Learning fine etiquettes and manners
• Adding style and grace to the way one looks,
talks, and walks
• Listening
• Overall imbibing oneself with positivity,
liveliness, and peace.
• Connect to God
1. Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic Theory
(Sigmund Freud)
This theory was developed by Sigmund Freud. It
is said that the personality is made up of three
major systems that points onto the role of the
id, the ego, and the superego. The interplay and
interaction between these three systems are
said to be the main determinants of one’s
unique personality.
The Id, the most premitive and
mainly concerned with instant
gratification of physiological
(basic physical) needs and urges.
It is the pleasure- oriented side
of one’s persona.
The superego is concerned with
social rules and morals—similar to
what many people call their
"conscience" or their "moral
compass." It develops as a child
learns what their culture considers
right and wrong.
In contrast to the instinctual id and the
moral superego, the ego is the rational,
pragmatic part of our personality. It is less
primitive than the id and is partly
conscious and partly unconscious. It's
what Freud considered to be the "self," and
its job is to balance the demands of the id
and superego in the practical context of
reality.
The ego balances the Id and the Superego
2. Behaviorism Theory (John B. Watson)
This theory was coined by John B. Watson who
argued that personality can be determined only
through overt responses (observable behavior).
Hence, manipulation of the environment may
produce certain behavior. Behaviorist like B.F.
Skinner believed in the use of rewards whether
positive or negative and punishments to produce
orderly change in the individual. Both asserted
that behavior can be learned and conditioned.
3. Humanistic Theories
Humanists proposed a theory that rests on the
“person” and the “self ”. Carl Rogers focused on
the changes and development of personality. It is
asserted in this theory that how a person
behaves depends upon his reality and not from
his environment. Parallel to this view is Abraham’s
Maslow’s theory (Hierarchy of Needs) that
revolves around human needs.
Humanistic theory shows how an individual’s
deficiencies and needs manifest in his behaviour
and personality. The environment to which an
individual was raised will determine how
satisfaction of his need for basic necessities,
love, protection, prestige will direct him towards
self-realization. Hence, personality becomes a
reflection of how one’s needs were fulfilled in the
course of his development.
4. TRAIT THEORY
TRait theories posited that personality can be
understood as exhibited in one’s common traits or
characteristic ways of behaving. A person may
be sociable, aggressive, shy, an optimist, clingy
etc. A certain group of people may have similar
traits but these may vary in degree.
GORDON ALLPORT'S TRait theory
explains that personality is made up
of different traits that influence our
behavior. He divided these traits into
three levels: cardinal, central, and
secondary.
CARDINAL Traits
Explanation: These are the most powerful and rare traits. They are so central
to a person's identity that they define everything the person does. Think of a
cardinal trait as a person's main passion or life's purpose.
Simple Example: A person who is so dedicated to humanitarian work that they
spend their entire life fighting for human rights. Their actions, decisions, and
even conversations revolve around this single passion. We might describe
them simply as a "humanitarian." For another example, a person so obsessed
with gaining power that all their actions are self-serving and manipulative, to
the point that their behavior is described as Machiavellian.
CENTRAL Traits
Explanation: These are the basic building blocks of personality. They are the
characteristics you would use to describe someone you know well. They
aren't as all-encompassing as cardinal traits, but they are very consistent
and noticeable.
Simple Example: If you were asked to describe your best friend, you might
say they are kind, funny, honest, and a bit shy. These are their central traits—
the five to ten key words that capture their personality.
SECONDARY Traits
Explanation: These are traits that are only seen in specific situations or
circumstances. They are not a consistent part of a person's core personality
but can influence their behavior at certain times.
Simple Example: A person is generally very calm and relaxed. However,
when they are asked to give a speech in front of a large crowd, they become
very anxious and start to sweat. The anxiety is a secondary trait that only
shows up in that specific situation.
5. Eysenck's Pesonality Theory
Hans Eysenck is a Trait theorist who emphasized
that biological inheritance is the origin of
human traits. He related temperament into an
individual’s personality which he believed is
largely influenced by his genes. Eysenck believed
that personality is determined to a large extent by
a person’s genes. He theorized that some people
can be conditioned more readily than others
because of inherited differences in their
physiological functioning.
Furthermore, he categorized people as possessing either extroversion vs.
introversion, neuroticism vs. stability which later was supplemented
by a newer element as psychoticism vs. socialization.
EXTROVERSION:
Toughness, impulsiveness, tendency to be outgoing, desire for novelty,
performance enhanced by excitement, preference for vocations involving
contact with other people, tolerance for pain.
INTROVERSION:
Tender-mindness, introspectiveness, seriousness, performance interfered
with by excitement, easily aroused but restrained, inhibited, preference for
solitary vocations, sensitivity to pain.
NEUROTICISM:
BELOW AVERAGe, emotional control, will power, and capacity to exert self,
slowness in thought and action, suggestibility, lack of persistence, tendency
to repress unpleasant facts, lack of sociability, below average sensory acuity
but high level of activation.
PSYCHOTICISM:
Poor concentration, poor memory, insensitivity, lack of caring for others,
cruelty, disregard for danger and convention, occasionally originality and/or
creativity, liking for unusual things, considered peculiar by others.
PERSONALITY is not just a product of a single factor but a result of
several intertwining elements that make up the totality of an
individual persona. The interaction between these elements brings
about the uniqueness of an individual which proves the fact that “no
two people are alike”. Even identical twins are totally different from
each other with respect their intelligence, attitudes, interests,
convictions and the like. Hence, one may inherit the looks and traits
of his parents but behave like the rest of the neighborhood. What
molds an individual’s total persona is the interplay between nature
and nurture.
Nature is a person's biological inheritance. The traits derived from one's
biological parents are provided in the 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs
that comprise the blueprint of one's total system which begins during the
process of conception. According to Sevilla et al (2006) the heredity units
that we receive from our parents and transmitted to our offspring are carried
by microscopic particles known as "chromosomes", colored bodies found
within the nucleus of each cell in the body. Each chromosome is composed
of many individual hereditary units called "genes". Genetics reiterates that
dominant genes will overpower the recessive genes thus displaying traits in
the child of the parent with such characteristics.
The environment of a child plays a vital role in the development of
personality. The physical and social environment influences the formation
of the traits, attitudes, interests, motivations, emotions of the
individual. Several areas of our persona are changed through the
learnings that we derive from the different agents of socialization from
which we establish contact with from the time of our birth to the point of
being educated by the different institutions from which experiences are
derived. Relationships with the significant others provide us learning
through substantial experiences.
Institution such as the family, school, peers the government, mass media and church
greatly influences the formation of an individual’s perception about life, his role in
the community and society as well as about the essence of his very existence. The
family as the initial institution that nourishes the child directs the child towards the
basics of life and how one should go about everyday tasks, life skills are taught by the
family including control.
As the child grows and starts to undergo the rudiments of formal education, more
learning becomes inevitable as he subjected to the influences of his peer groups,
the teachings of the church, the examples set by the people in the government
and the everyday role played by mass media specifically the very powerful and
influential social media that have made this planet so small and the people so
close through the expanding worldwide web phenomenon.
Nature
Nurture
Traits
1.Openness to experience
This trait means that a person is open to
possible experiences and learning which
connotes wide interests, curiosity, flexibility,
vivid fantasy, artistic, sensitivity, high
motivation, creativity, innovativeness and
unconventional attitudes. This trait also
shows conformity to the standards of the
society and community and resilience in times
of adversity.
2. Conscientiousness
This trait refers to those whose persona
shows meticulous and principled behavior but
guided by one’s own rules and beliefs. The
person is highly organized, diligent, disciplined,
punctual and dependable that is why he weighs
well the pros and cons of his decisions before
formulating his well- thought conclusion.
Conscientiousness is associated with higher
productivity in a variety of occupational areas.
3. Extraversion
This type of individual is highly sociable with a
life that is directed to the significant others. The
individual is very friendly, assertive, and
gregarious. These people are warm and
concerned about their friends, family
members and the like. They derive happiness
by being with their beloved at all times.
4. Agreeableness
This trait refers to being a person with much
altruism and benevolence meant for others.
They emphasize, sympathize and cooperate
a lot by volunteering themselves in any
moment of need. They are trusting,
cooperative and highly dependable in nature.
Their goals are directed towards the good of
the majority as they are considered selfless.
4. Neuroticism
This trait connotes negativity as experiences are
thought to be full of sadness, hostility, self-
conscious, insecure, vulnerable and frustrated.
The individual is highly anxious and nervous
about what will happen next. Degree of self-
confidence, self-concept and self- esteem is
very low. They suffer from negative
emotionality. Hence, they worry a lot as they
think and feel that they will never be in control
of their lives.
Big 5 PERSONALITY TRAITS
Openness Represents how willing a person is to try new things
Conscientiousness Refers to an individual's desire to be careful and diligent
Extroversion Measures how energetic, outgoing and confident a person is
Agreeableness Refers to how an individual interacts with others
Neuroticism Represents how much someone is inclined to experience negative emotions
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