Basic

 1st small unit Neno meter

 2nd small unit micrometer `
 1 micrometer 1000 neno meter
 1 mm 1000 micrometer
 1 meter 39.37 inch
 1 meter 1000 mm
 1 meter 100 cm
 1 cm 10 mm
 1 inch 2.54 cm
 1 inch 25.4 mm
 1 feet 12 inch
 1 feet 30.48 cm
 1 feet 304.8 mm
 1 Gaj 3 feet
 1 Gaj 36 inch
 1 kilometer 1000 meter

CNC – Computer Numerical control

Definition of CNC
CNC is a advance manufacturing method that automates the control movement and precision of the
machine tool, through the use of per-program computer software.

Type of CNC
CNC Machine

Two axis More than two axis

( x & z) ( x, y, z, a, b……..)

CNC Turning CNC Wire Cut CNC Milling CNC Grinding CNC Hobbing CNCPlasma

VMC HMC
 ( Vertical milling center ) ( Horizontal milling center )

Advantages
 Reduce cycle time & product cost
 Volume of production is very high
 Surface can be easily machined
 Flexibility in job change
 Automatic tool change
 Higher productivity & accuracy
 Better Quality, less paper work
 Operator safety

Working of CNC Turning Machine

The metal cutting from round surface or round job by tool known as CNC working

Operations
 OD Turning
 ID Turning
 Face Turning
 Taper Turning
 Drilling
 Chamfering
 Threading
 Radius
 Knurling

Main Parts of CNC Turning Machine

1. Head Stock
2. Tail Stock
3. Turret

Head Stock
(Parts)

a) Servo motor - It is used for rotating the spindle .

b) Spindle - It is used for rotating the job.
c) Draw Bar - It is operated by hydraulic pressure & used for opening & closing of jaws.
d) Chuck - chuck is used for the holding the jaws . It is fitted with spindle & rotate by it.
Chuck are two type - 3 jaws chuck , 4 jaws chuck
e) Jaws- Jaws are used for holding the job.

Jaws are two type – (1) Hard Jaws

(2) Soft Jaws

(2) Tailstock - It is used to provide end support to longer job.

(3) Turret - Turret is used for holding the tool & support against cutting force during
cutting.
Other Parts of CNC Machine
 Lubrication oil tank
 Hydraulic oil tank
 Coolant water tank
 PLC Panel ( Programmable Logic Control )
 Safety guard door
 Control Panel

Control Panel & Operator panel

There are seven operating modes used for different function
1) Auto mode
2) Jog Mode
3) Handle Mode
4) Single Block
5) Edit Mode
6) MDI (Manual Data Input )
7) Reference Return
CNC Operating Mode

Manual Mode Auto Mode Edit Mode MDI Ref. Return

Jog Handle Single Block Auto

Coordinate System
Coordinate system is used for getting point to point movement of tool according to coordinate of points.
Type Of Coordinate
1. Absolute Coordinate - The Value of any point will be taken with respect of
center point.
2. Incremental Coordinate -The Value of any point will be taken with respect of
previous point

RPM - The revolution made by spindle in one minute is called RPM.

Cutting Speed - The amount of any material removed by the cutting tool in a
rotating work piece called cutting speed
Cutting Speed (Vc) - πDN/ 1000 Meter /Minute

Feed - The Distance traveled by the cutting tool in one revolution of the spindle of the machine is
called feed.
Feed - mm/Revolution

Cutting Tool - A device that remove metal from any metal surface is called a cutting
tool

Type of cutting tool

 Single point cutting tool - The Tool which has only one point of cutting is called single
point cutting tool

Example - CNC Turning Insert (OD & ID)

 Multipoint cutting tool - The Tool which has multiple cutting points is called multipoint
cutting tool
Example - Milling cutter , Drill , Remer.

Type Of Insert
1. Negative Insert
2. Positive Insert
Negative Positive
Insert Insert
For Tool For Boring
Holder Bar
SNMG SCMT 90®

TNMG TCMT 60®

 WNMG WCMT 80®

CNMT CCMT 80®

DNMG DCMT 55®

VNMG VCMT 35®

C C M T 09 02 03

D N M G 16 04 08

Insert Insert Tolerance Top of Insert cutting Insert Corner

Shape Angle Surface edge length thickness radius

G S Category
GSA GSB GSC
Program Inch me G20 G20 G70
Threading G32 G33 G33
RPM G50 G92 G92
Feed mm/minute G98 G94 G94
Feed G99 G95 G95
mm/revolution
Pocket cutting G90 G77 G20
Threading G92 G78 G21
Facing G94 G79 G24
Rapid travel G00 G00 G00
Liner Interpolation G01 G01 G01
Reference return G28 G28 G28
 G Codes
These are preparatory function codes & used for axis motion

Axis moment codes

G00 This code is used for tool positioning & free moment

 Format – G0 X……..Z………;

G01 This code is used for liner movement of axis

 Format – G01 X……… Z…………F………;

G02 This code is used for circular clock wise movement of any axis

 Format – G02 X……..Z……….R………F……..;

G03 This code is used for circular anticlockwise movement of any axis

 Format – G03 X………Z………..R……..F……..;

G28 This code is used for homing in any axis

 Format – G28 U0.0 W0.0 ;

Dwell time
 G04 X……… (Time in second)
 G04 U ………. (Time in second)

Inch/ mm mode setting

 G20 – Program in inch.
 G21 – Program in mm.

Reference return
 G28 – 1st reference point
 G30 – 2nd reference point
Skip Function
 G31 – skip function

Thread Cutting
 G32 – thread cutting
 G33 - thread cutting

Tool Nose Radius

 G40 – Tool nose radius compensation
 G41 - Tool nose radius compensation left
 G42 – Tool nose radius compensation right

Canned Cycle
 G70 – Finishing cycle of 71, 72 ,73
 G71 – Stock removal of Turning cycle
 G72/G94 – Stock removal of facing cycle
 G73 – Patten repeating cycle
 G74 – Drilling cycle
 G75 – Grooving cycle
 G76 – multiple threading cycle
 G77/G90 – Pocket cutting cycle & turning
 G78 – Single threading cycle
 G79 – Pocket cutting in facing
 G80 – Canned cycle cancel

Mode setting
 G90 – Absolute Programming
 G91 – Incremental Programming
 G92/G50 – max. spindle rpm
 G94 – Feed mm/minute
 G95 – Feed mm/revolution
 G96 – Constant surface speed control
  G97 – constant surface speed control cancel
 G98 – feed mm/minute
 G99 – feed mm/revolution

M Code
M Code is switch code of CNC machine
 M00 – Program stop
 M01 – Optional stop
 Mo2 – Program end
 M03 – Spindle start (C.C.W)
 M04 – Spindle start (C.W)
 M05 – Spindle stop
 M06 – Tool change in VMC
 M07 - Coolant on
 M08 – Coolant on
 M09 – Coolant off
 M10 – Chuck clamp
 M11 – Chuck unclamp
 M17 – Turret rotation forward
 M18 – Turret rotation reverse
 M19 – Spindle orientation on
 M20 – Spindle orientation off
 M30 – Program end ,reset
 M98 – Sub program call
 M99 – Sub program end & return

Offset
To make a new point in software or shifting any point in software from its actual position
known as offset

Type of offset
GEOMETRY OFFSET - Geometry offset is used for making job origin or job center at a distance
from machine home position
WEAR OFFSET – Wear offset is used for shifting the tool from its actual position by giving the
value in software .In CNC turning wear offset is used in X&Z axis.
WORKSHIFT OFFSET – Work shift offset is used for shifting the job origin from its actual position
by giving the value in software

Program Scan – CNC Machine scan the program sequencely in block from top
block to bottom block .

Program Header
 Program No. OR Name O0001 ;
 Sequence no. N1;
 Tool & Offset selection T0101;
 Spindle Start RPM With Direction G97 M04 S1000 ;
 Tool take a safe zone position G0 X150.0 Z50.0 ;
 Coolant ON M08 ;


Program Footer
 Tool take a safe zone position G0 X150.0 Z50.0 ;
 Coolant off M09 ;
 Machine home position G28 U0.0 W0.0 ;
 Spindle Stop M05 ;
 Program End & Reset M30 ;