UNIT 1
Atomic structure and interatomic bonding 12h
Electrons in atoms, Bohr atomic model, wave mechanical model, introduction to
quantum chemistry, wave functions and probability densities, quantum numbers,
orbital shapes - s,p,d,f- LCAO-MO of H2, covalent, ionic and metallic bonding,
bonding forces and energies, lattice energy and Madelung constant, metallic crystal
structure, ceramic crystal structure and influencing factors.
Part-1 Unit-I
Electrons in atoms,
Bohr atomic
model, wave
mechanical model.
Electrons in atoms
Different
energy levels
wave mechanical model
Timeline
atoms
were
uniform,
solid,
hard,
incompres
sible, and
indestructi
ble
Dalton's atomic theory:
John Dalton's atomic theory was the first complete attempt to describe
all matter in terms of atoms and their properties.
Basis for Dalton's theory:
Dalton's
theory
The law of The law of
conservation constant
of mass composition.
Dalton's atomic theory:
Law of conversation of mass:
The law of conservation of mass says that matter is not created or
destroyed in a closed system. That means if we have a chemical reaction,
the amount of each element must be the same in the starting materials
and the products. We use the law of conservation of mass every time we
balance equations!
Law of constant composition:
The law of constant composition says that a
pure compound will always have the same
proportion of the same elements. For example,
table salt, which has the molecular formula
NaCl, contains the same proportions of the
elements sodium and chlorine no matter how
much salt you have or where the salt came from.
Dalton's atomic theory:
All matter
is made of
atoms
All atoms of
A chemical Dalton's a given
reaction is a element are
rearrangeme
atomic identical in
nt of atoms theory mass and
properties.
Compounds
are
combinations
of two or more
different types
of atoms.
Assumption Dalton's atomic theory:
I. All matter is made of atoms:
Dalton hypothesized that the law of conservation of mass and the law
of definite proportions could be explained using the idea of atoms.
He proposed that all matter is made of tiny indivisible particles called
atoms, which he imagined as "solid, massy, hard, impenetrable, movable
particle(s)“.
II. All atoms of a given element are identical in mass and properties
Dalton proposed that every single atom of an element, such as gold, is
the same as every other atom of that element.
He also noted that the atoms of one element differ from the atoms of all
other elements. Today, we still know this to be mostly true.
A sodium atom is different from a carbon atom. Elements may share
some similar boiling points, melting points, and electronegativities, but
no two elements have the same exact set of properties.
Assumption Dalton's atomic theory:
III. Compounds are combinations of two or more different types of
atoms:
In the third part of Dalton's atomic theory, he proposed that
compounds are combinations of two or more different types of atoms.
An example of such a compound is table salt. Table salt is a combination
of two separate elements with unique physical and chemical properties.
The first, sodium, is a highly reactive metal. The second, chlorine, is a
toxic gas. When they react, the atoms combine in a 1:1 ratio to form white
crystals of NaCl, which we can sprinkle on our food.
Since atoms are indivisible, they will always combine in simple whole
number ratios. Therefore, it would not make sense to write a formula
Na0.5Cl0.5 because you can't have half of an atom!
Dalton's atomic theory:
IV. A chemical reaction is a rearrangement of atoms:
In the fourth and final part of Dalton's atomic theory, he suggested that
chemical reactions don't destroy or create atoms. They merely rearranged
the atoms.
Using our salt example again, when sodium combines with chlorine to
make salt, both the sodium and chlorine atoms still exist. They simply
rearrange to form a new compound.
Dalton's atomic theory:
Key Points
Dalton's atomic theory was the first complete
attempt to describe all matter in terms of atoms
and their properties.
Dalton based his theory on the law of
conservation of mass and the law of constant
composition.
Dalton's atomic theory:
The first part of his theory states that all matter is
made of atoms, which are indivisible.
The second part of the theory says all atoms of a
given element are identical in mass and
properties.
The third part says compounds are combinations
of two or more different types of atoms.
Dalton's atomic theory:
The fourth part of the theory states that a
chemical reaction is a rearrangement of atoms.
Parts of the theory had to be modified based on
the discovery of subatomic particles and
isotopes.
Dalton's atomic theory:
Drawback of Dalton's atomic theory:
Dalton's ideas proved foundational to modern atomic theory. However,
one of his underlying assumptions was later shown to be incorrect.
Dalton thought that atoms were the smallest units of matter-tiny, hard
spheres that could not be broken down any further.
This assumption persisted until experiments in physics showed that the
atom was composed of even smaller particles.
