A Correlational Study Between Prolonged Screen Exposure to

the Physical and Mental Well-being of Selected Senior High

School Students at Rechab Academy, Inc.

A research presented to the faculty of Senior High School, Rechab

Academy, Inc. Antipolo City Philippines

Dela Cruz, Andria N.

Estrada, Eunice Anne R.
Lopez, Rhian Margaret C.
Molina, Princess Mae D.
Monserrat, Helenna D.
Mujar, Hyadhenz M.
Pangilinan, Andrea Nicole L.
Poncial, Queen Remedios B.
Reynacido, Lorraine B.
Tolentino, Anjo Raphael

August 2024
 CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

INTRODUCTION

I. Screen Exposure

Screen time or screen exposure is time spent watching television,

playing a video game, or using an electronic device with a screen (such as

a smartphone or tablet. Some studies stated that having a lot of screen

exposure may affect our health. That’s why most experts has an advisable

screen exposure. According to JAMA Pediatrics, it is advisable that children

ages 18 months old should be kept away for any screen exposures. While

for ages 2-5 years old should he limiting their screen time by 1 hour every

day. Since most kids nowadays uses mobile phones by watching YouTube

videos or educational videos, the experts wants to warn parents since

screen exposure has an effect to the overall health. As for teenagers, it is

studied that teens mostly spend their time on mobile phones. Which can

cause harm if they spend a lot of time than the advisable screen exposure

said by the experts. According to the World Health Organization (WHO)

teens and parents should practice to avoid screen exposure before bed and

before eating. They stated that parents should practice limiting the screen

exposure of their teens. A few years ago, the average screen time for adults

in the United States landed at 11 hours per day. Since lockdown, this

number has gone up to an astonishing 19 hours per day on screens during

the pandemic. This means that adults spend most of their time on a

computer, phone, and etc. Based on the experts and a study, says that

adults should limit their screen time of at least 30 minutes a day.

Since students spend their time on their mobile phones, it is

studied that screen exposure influences their health. Having a long

screen exposure affect the physical and mental health of students. The

physical hazards of excess screen time are numerous, with the most

common being eye strain, neck and shoulder pain, and back pain. Eye

strain, also known as computer vision syndrome, is a common condition

caused by prolonged exposure to computer screens, smartphones, and

other digital devices. In particular, excessive screen usage can

negatively impact young people's mental health. Long screen exposure

has been linked to higher rates of anxiety, depression, and other mood

disorders. According to a study, teenagers who use digital gadgets for

more than five hours a day are 70% more likely than those who use

them for less than an hour to consider suicide or act on it. Furthermore,

too much screen exposure can interfere with sleep resulting sleep

deprivation, which has been connected to mood disorders like sadness.

But according to a study, screen exposure has also a positive effect

when it come to the mental well being of students. Having a long screen

exposure and being on social media helps the students to enhance their

comprehension and enhance their social interactions. Also enhance their

 self-esteem and improve their self-belonging, and screen exposure

helps the student to develop their problem-solving skills. According to a

study, being on social media and having a ton of screen exposure, this

helps the student to focus more.

Based on a study by Rituparma Bask and Debashree Sinha which is

conducted on November 11 year 2022, they stated that The covid 19

pandemic, online games, and sleep disorders is a has a lot of impact factor

why students spend their time on their mobile phone and gadgets. They

stated That COVID-19 pandemic has a lot of impact on the screen exposure

of students. With the closing of schools and shifting to digital platforms for

classes, it was obvious that the screen time for students increased for

education. This increase also stretched to social interactions and

entertainment, as students turned to digital means to stay in touch with

peers and engage in some recreation activities. Excessive screen time thus

raises concerns about potential harm to physical health by straining the

eyes and leading to a sedentary lifestyle, and it also begets questions in the

minds of people regarding mental health in terms of reduced social activity

and dependence on the screen. Online gaming can drastically add to the

amount of time students spend viewing screens. Most of these games

comprise playing continuously for a long period, thereby adding to the

screen time. Its continuous usage will result in headaches, problems in the

eyes, and sleep schedule disturbances. It leads to a sedentary lifestyle that

again comes with its own set of health problems. Sleep disorders also affect

the screen exposure of students because sleep disorders like insomnia may

be a cause for the student to stay awake at night causing them to use their

phone.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Touch screen devices are now ever-present and their usage

by students is increasing. However, the effects of these devices on

children, adolescents and adults are still unknown. Media is a

powerful educational tool for children and adolescents, but they

may have a great negative effect on their health. Prolonged screen-

time is a risk for several chronic diseases.

According to Dr. Debashree Sinha. In the present time,

youth’s increased use of cell phones, text messaging, email and

chat rooms has opened new venues for social interaction in which

aggression can occur and youth can be victimized-new venues that

break down the old barriers of family, neighborhood, and community

that may have protected youth to some extent in the past. These

global electronic communication mediums have made it much more

difficult to safeguard youngsters from threats and have exposed

many more of them to threats that just a handful may have

encountered previously. Dr. Rituparma Bask says, Adolescence is a

phase of fast psychological maturation as well as sensitivity to the

internet and other forms of digital media. Aggression and hostility

are significantly more common among teens when it comes to the

negative effects of digital addiction and internet use. Excessive

Internet/gaming/mobile addiction, which has been a disturbing trend

even before the Covid outbreak, has reached new heights during

the pandemic, according to psychologists and counselors, as many

adolescents or students who went online for classes and social

interaction became compulsive addicts. Digital devices now take up

a large portion of our personal space, and technology has been

ingrained in many aspects of our existence. Almost all forms of

consumer-level technology, from necessities like food to pleasures

like home videos, are designed to provide a satisfying experience.

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommended that

consistent limits should be placed on the time spent by children

using media, less than two hours daily, and to make sure that media

does not take the place of adequate sleep, physical activity or other

behaviors essential to health. The amount of time spent on digital

devices for various activities is referred to as screen time. Screen

time includes using digital devices for educational (online

education), professional (work from home), and recreational

purposes such as gaming, social media, or watching pornography

or music videos according to the Data Reportal of 2020.

 As the world digitizes, children and adolescents are

increasingly using digital technologies. These devices offer benefits

such as exposure to social contacts and support, potential learning

opportunities and access to health promotion material. However,

along with these benefits, emerging evidence is indicating that

frequent, extended use of digital devices is associated with negative

impacts on the health and wellbeing of children and adolescents.

There are many ways to use devices both for learning and

recreation, so context of use is important when considering these

impacts. Provides an overview of the impacts of using digital

technologies on the health and wellbeing of children and

adolescents across eight areas: vision, hearing, obesity, pain,

sleep, cognition, mental health, and social impacts. By New

Zealand Physiotherapy.

Huessman, L. R. (2009) says, Student’s technology addiction

manifests itself in the form of poor academic performance, sleep

and food problems, decreased social/family relationships, emotional

disorders, and, in some cases, physical aggression and self-harm.

The epidemic has facilitated this behavior by boosting screen time

due to classes/work and providing individuals with reasons to

participate in it. Research has been showing since the early 1960s

that viewers who are exposed to violent content on television,

movies, video games, cell phones, and the Internet are more likely
to act violently, just as viewers who are raised in violent

environments are more likely to act violently. This review critically

evaluates the scientific findings and elaborates on the psychological

hypothesis explaining why exposure to violence has negative short-

and long-term effects. In order to determine how serious of a

problem the “media violence effect” is, its magnitude is finally

contrasted with a few other well-known dangers to society.

Student learning, communication, and information

engagement have all changed as a result of the quick incorporation

of digital technology into educational settings. Utilizing screens, be

it computers, tablets, or smartphones, presents a number of issues

in addition to the obvious educational advantages (better

communication, tailored learning, and improved access to

information), especially with regard to students’ health. Students

have been using screens more frequently over the past decade,

which can be attributed to their increased reliance on digital

technologies for both in-person and online study. Global events like

as the COVID-19 epidemic have expedited this tendency even

more by forcing educational institutions all around the world to

switch to online learning environments. As a result, students today

spend an unprecedented amount of time in front of screens,

frequently without getting enough rest or moving about. The

possible hazards to one’s physical health that come with extended

screen time are brought to light by recent study. These include the

development of improper posture, which can result in long-term

musculoskeletal problems, blue light exposure-induced sleep

difficulties, and digital eye strain. Furthermore, prolonged screen

time’s sedentary nature leads to a decline in physical activity, which

raises worries about obesity and related health issues among

adolescents. Students’ mental and emotional health are under

danger in addition to their physical health. Increased anxiety,

tension, and sadness have been related to prolonged screen

usage, especially when it includes social media and online

interactions. Students may experience shorter attention spans,

cognitive overload, and even behavioral problems like screen

addiction as a result of their continuous exposure to online content.

Furthermore, the transition from in-person to virtual contact may

exacerbate mental health issues by fostering feelings of social

isolation and loneliness. Knowing the complete effects of extended

screen time on Students is, given the double-edged nature of digital

technology in the classroom. In order to improve practices and

regulations that help protect students’ health while also maximizing

the advantages of digital learning tools, this study aims to

investigate the scope of these effects, both mental and physical.

The Increase in people’s screen time may contribute to

undesirable consequences. Screen time was found to be always

associated with sedentary behavior in. Sedentary behavior has

been found to be a risk factor for negative physical and mental

health outcomes in children and adults. Excessive screen sedentary

time may lead to users becoming overweight and obese. Studies

have observed that TV viewing increases exposure to high energy

density food advertisements, which have been shown to affect food

choices at other times of the day and increase snacking. Excessive

use of smartphones could have a negative impact on the health of

users. For example, people who overuse smartphones might suffer

from loneliness, anxiety, irregular eating habits, blurred vision, wrist

pain, sleep disorders, and fatigue. In the past, it was believed that

prolonged screen time was often related to children and young

people. However, with the progress of society, more and more

elderly people have begun to use various electronic devices

proficiently. Smartphone-based medical monitoring has been used

for chronic disease management among middle-aged and elderly

people. There is research focused on how to help the elderly use

smartphones and improve their smartphone experience.

According to the theoretical model proposed by Cain and

Gradisar in 2010, the increase in the use of electronic media,

especially in the bedroom before sleep, is related to sleep

disturbance, which is associated with impaired daytime functioning.

In 2018, Thomée reviewed research on smartphone use in bed and

found that it was related to late sleep, shorter sleep duration, longer

sleep onset latency, insomnia or sleep difficulties, lower sleep

quality or sleep efficiency, and reduced daytime function or fatigue.

In addition, smartphone use in bed also related to mental

impairments, such as depression, Anxiety and stress symptoms.

Recent evidence has suggested that prolonged screen time might

be associated with higher income, non-intact family, urban

residence, being male, poor sleep quality, bad self-reported health

status, and obesity Despite important work in this area, the majority

of current studies focus on screen time and the use of electronic

devices before sleep among children and adolescents. In the

context of population aging, our study focused on prolonged screen

time and the use of electronic devices before sleep in elderly

people. This research might provide an important opportunity to

advance the understanding of excessive electronic device use

among the elderly.

The most significant negative aftermath is impaired

emotional judgement and desensitization to violent content. Such

prolonged engagement with digital gadgets led to an aggravation of

sense of isolation and damaged interpersonal relationships as

these youngsters went on losing valuable opportunity to learn key

social skills. This virtual engagement not only reduced their

possibility to build social bonds and relationships with other people

but also decreased their sense of self-identity and confidence. In

addition to these, prolonged screen time can impair brain

development and even can lead to long-term medical ailments.

A growing body of literature is associating excessive and

addictive use of digital media with physical, psychological, social

and neurological adverse consequences. Research is focusing

more on mobile devices use, and studies suggest that duration,

content, after-dark-use, media type and the number of devices are

key components determining screen time effects. Physical health

effects: excessive screen time is associated with poor sleep and

risk factors for cardiovascular diseases such as high blood

pressure, obesity, low HDL cholesterol, poor stress regulation (high

sympathetic arousal and cortisol dysregulation), and Insulin

Resistance. Other physical health consequences include impaired

vision and reduced bone density. Psychological effects: internalizing

and externalizing behavior is related to poor sleep. Depressive

symptoms and suicidal are associated to screen time induced poor

sleep, digital device night use, and mobile phone dependency.

ADHD-related behavior was linked to sleep problems, overall

screen time, and violent and fast-paced content which activates

dopamine and the reward pathways. Early and prolonged exposure

to violent content is also linked to risk for antisocial behavior and

decreased prosocial behavior. Psychoneurological effects: addictive

screen time use decreases social coping and involves craving

behavior which resembles substance dependence behavior. Brain

structural changes related to cognitive control and emotional

regulation are associated with digital media addictive behavior. A

case study of a treatment of an ADHD diagnosed 9-year-old boy

suggests screen time induced ADHD-related behavior could be

inaccurately diagnosed as ADHD. Screen time reduction is effective

in decreasing ADHD-behavior.

Consequently, adolescents owning a smartphone are likely to

have higher screen time compared to adolescents with a

conventional mobile phone because they have higher online and

calling/sending messages time. Thus, the use of mobile devices

which allows access to most types of content, and encourages

multi-screening is creating a growing concern and is drawing

research attention. Along with advantages associated with access

to information and fast communication, in recent years many

studies associated screen exposure to health and psychological

problems among infants, children, and adolescents.

Numerous cardio-metabolic risk factors influence screen-

related behaviors in children and adolescents. Numerous studies

with inconsistent results revealed a relationship between blood

pressure and screen time in the children and adolescents. This

systematic review and meta-analysis summarized the data

regarding the relationship between screen time and hypertension

(HTN) in children and adolescents. Among all the sedentary

behaviors, screen-based sitting activities (such as using a

computer, watching TV, and playing video games) need specific

interventions because they are major contributors to overall

sedentary time and are highly prevalent among children and

adolescent. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)

recommended reducing the daily screen time of children and

teenagers to less than two hours, with no screen time for children

under the age of two and less than one hour per day for children

aged two to five. Screen-related behaviors are associated with a

high prevalence of HTN, particularly among boys. The underlying

mechanisms include increased arteriolar narrowing obesity and

poor sleep quality related to excessive screen use increased

stress, amygdala activation, as well as altering both sympathetic

efferent output and responsiveness of hypothalamic–pituitary–

adrenal axis Several studies have been conducted on the

correlation between HTN and screen time in children and

adolescents. However, the achieved results regarding the role of

screen type, gender, age, and geographic location are highly

inconsistent. There is no summarized analysis of the quantity and

quality of the correlation between screen time and HTN in children.

Accordingly, this systematic review study was conducted to

 evaluate the relationship between screen time and HTN in children

and adolescents. Also, in a dose–response meta-analysis, we

further investigated the role of different factors such as screen type,

age group, gender, time, and geographical distributions.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The purpose of this study is to determine the correlation between

prolonged screen exposure to the physical and mental well-being of the

students in Rechab Academy, Inc. The study will specifically seek to address

the following sub-problems:

1. What are the common application that most students used?

2. How long and how often do students spend on screens?

3. How does prolonged screen exposure affect the physical and

mental well-being of Grade 11 and 12 students at Rechab

Academy, Inc.?

4. Is there significant connection between prolonged screen

exposure to their physical and mental well-being?

5. What tactics may students in Grade 11 and 12 at Rechab

Academy, Inc. will use to balance screen time and encourage

better digital habits?

HYPOTHESIS

The hypothesis of study is hereby stated:

H 0: There is no significant effects between Prolonged Screen Exposure to

the Physical and Mental Well-being of Selected Senior High School

students at Rechab Academy, Inc.

H 1: There is significant effects between Prolonged Screen Exposure to

the Physical and Mental Well-being of Selected Senior High School

students at Rechab Academy, Inc.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS

The study “A Correlational Study Between Prolonged Screen Exposure to

the Physical and Mental Well-being of Selected Senior High School students at

Rechab Academy, Inc.” will be focused specifically on the selected senior high

school at Rechab Academy, Inc and will not include other school and grade

levels. The researcher will only select 10 students per section to answer the

close-ended survey. Therefore, gathering the data will be much easier and more

accessible by the researchers. This study aims to find and provide information

about the correlation between prolonged screen exposure to the physical and

mental well-being. This

 study will consider various factors in prolonged screen exposure, such as

school projects, schoolwork’s, online classes and work that needs to be

expose on screen in a long period of time.

This study will not consider other potential factors that may influence

the physical and mental well-being of students such as, physical abuse,

accident, and family problems.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The beneficiaries are as follows:

Students. This study will give them knowledge into the relationship between

prolonged screen exposure to their physical and mental well-being. To lead

them into better habits and lifestyle.

Educators. This study will provide information to the educators on how

prolonged exposure on screens can affect the physical and mental well-

being of the senior

high school students. This can potentially lead to the development of

strategies to support students in better lifestyle and habits.

Parents. The study will equip parents with evidence-based knowledge of

the correlation between their children’s screen time to the physical and

mental well-being. This information can guide parents in fostering healthy

habits for their children.

 School Administration. This study can aid school administration in making

informed decisions regarding policies and support systems that promotes

healthy habits among Senior High School students.

Future Researchers. This study can serve as a valuable resource for

future researchers who aim to delve deeper into the correlation between

prolonged screen exposure to the physical and mental well-being of senior

high school students. The data and findings can inspire and guide future

research endeavors in this field, potentially leading to a more

comprehensive understanding of the topic:

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Independent Variable Dependent

Prolonged
Variable Physical
Screen and Mental
Exposure Well-being
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Input Process Output

-Prolonged -Comprehen-
-Assess
screen sive evaluation
physical well-
exposure of student well-
being
(hours per being
day) -Assess
-Physical
behavioral health
-Types of
well-being outcomes
screen use
-Assess -Behavioral
-Screen time
mental well- health
management
being outcomes
habits
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The Hazards of Excessive Screen Time: Impacts on Physical Health,

Mental Health, and Overall Well-being

According to Khumukcham and Sudkhar (2023) excessive screen time

is a growing concern in modern society, with the digital devices contributing to

increased sedentary behavior and potential hazards to physical and mental

health. Excessive screen time has become part of modern life, with

individuals of all ages spending increasing amounts of time in front of digital

devices. While there are benefits to technology use, such as enhanced

communication, and access to information, there are also numerous hazards

associated with prolonged screen time.

There are many health risks associated with excessive screen usage,

but the most common ones are back, neck, and shoulder pain, and eye

strain. Prolonged screen exposure to computer, smartphones, and other

digital devices can lead to eye strain. Excessive screen time can have

detrimental effects on the well-being of students, including their physical

health, mental well-being, and academic performance. Due to prolonged

screen exposure the negative effect of it such as sleep deprivation the

students will feel sleepy during class and other negative effect of screen

exposure will not only affect their body but also their performance in school.
 Excessive screen time can have a significant negative impact on both

physical health and mental health. The prolonged screen time can lead to eye

strain, neck, shoulder and back pain. To mitigate these hazards, it is

recommended to limit screen time, particularly for young people, and to

incorporate physical activity and face-to-face interaction into daily routines.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Adolescents. Young people who are no longer children but who have not

yet become adults.

Compulsive. An irresistible persistent impulse to perform an act.

Hostility. Unfriendly or aggressive behavior toward people or ideas.

Physical Well-being. Ability to maintain a healthy quality of life that

allows us to get the most out of our daily activities without undue fatigue or

physical stress.

Mental Health. Condition of being sound mentally and emotionally that is

characterized by the absence of mental illness

Prolonged Screen Exposure. The extended periods of time we spend

staring at screens.

CHAPTER 2
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

FOREIGN LITERATURE

Dr. Debashree Sinha highlights that the rise in youth engagement with cell

phones and digital communication has created new avenues for aggression

and victimization, undermining traditional protections from family and

community. These global communication tools expose young people to

threats that were less common before. Dr. Rituparna Bask points out that

adolescence involves rapid psychological development, making teens

particularly susceptible to the negative effects of digital addiction. This trend,

which predates the Covid pandemic, has intensified as many students

became compulsive users during online classes. Digital devices now

dominate personal space, with technology deeply integrated into everyday

life, impacting everything from basic needs to entertainment.

According to Akulwar-Tajane, I. et al, published in 2020. This explores how

screen time during the COVID-19 lockdown impacted sleep and

psychological well-being in physiotherapy students. It found that excessive

screen use negatively affected sleep quality, physical health, and mental

health. Specifically, 52% of students reported that their sleep worsened due to

excessive screen time, 48% felt their physical health was harmed, and 28.7%

experienced negative effects on their mental health. However, 65.27% of

those who engaged in regular physical exercise reported improvements in

sleep and mental health. The study emphasizes the harmful effects of

prolonged screen use and suggests that physical exercise can help mitigate

these issues.

LOCAL LITERATURE

Television is one of the most common sources of screen media and the

majority of children have excessive screen time use based on WHO

guidelines of not exceeding 1h a day. However, when reviewing the effect on

development, receptive and expressive language were significantly

decreased in children spending more than 2 h of screen time. Excessive

screen use was seen in children who typically watched alone and had parents

who spent more than 2 h watching television, web browsing or social media.

While not exceeding 2 h of screen time would have minimal negative effects

on 2-year-old development, it may be beneficial to follow the guidelines set by

WHO in limiting screen time to less than 1 h for this age group. It is likewise

emphasized that co-viewing with an adult, sibling or other children is

recommended because children learn through modeling and interactions with

others. Parents perceive various benefits that support children’s learning, and

this may contribute to their decision to allow more screen time. Further

investigation is needed on content and quality of screen media to provide

additional information to support parent education and anticipatory guidance

for young children.

 According to Dy et al., published in June 2023. The Philippines is among

the top media users worldwide, and online activities have been increasing

through the years recorded in January 2021 with 92% connected with a

smartphone, 74% through a laptop or desktop computer and 38% with a

tablet. The prevalence of excess screen time has ranged from 10 to 98% of

children with 0.1 to 5 h of screen exposure per day with documented increase

during the COVID-19 pandemic because children in the pandemic time had

restricted activities for outdoor play. Excessive screen time use in young

children has been associated with risks for developmental delays, attention

problems, and poorer academic performance. It is likewise emphasized that

co-viewing with an adult, sibling or other children is recommended because

children learn through modeling and interactions with others.

Children in this study exposed to excessive screen time were more likely

to have exposure to background screen media. Constant television in the

background affects the quality and quantity of parent–child interactions that

was correlated to a reduction in communication by the parent with the child.

Young children’s attention is consistently shorter while they played with their

toys when televisions were playing in the background. These findings suggest

that disruption in both the parent’s and child’s attention can decrease the

learning opportunity of conversation and play. The study concludes that

excessive screen time use in Filipino children is prevalent and associated

with poorer language development. The study recommends limiting screen

time to less than 2 hours per day for children aged 24 to 36 months and

emphasizes the importance of co-viewing with adults or siblings. The study

suggests that further research is needed to investigate the content and quality

of screen media, as well as to develop strategies to support parents in

managing their children's screen time. The findings suggest that parents

should be educated about the potential risks of excessive screen time and

encouraged to limit their own screen time use. The study also emphasizes the

importance of providing children with opportunities for social interaction and

play

SYNTHESIS

The literature reviewed showed that which is reliable for the conducted

study to efficiently put data in pieces. As all the data presented with a number

of (3) studies with the relationship between the variables of the study.
 To further summarize, based on the studies by (Dy, A. Dy, Santos 2023)

children is the most expose in excessive time screen were more likely to have

exposure to background screen media.

To represent more of the profile of the study from the definitive information

portraying the (Akulwar-Tajane t al., 2020) and (Bask & Sinha, 2017) these

study aims to know how screen time affects the psychological well-being of

the students. The following data shows relation in each Study.

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH METHOD

To better understand the correlation of prolonged screen exposure to

the physical and mental well-being of selected senior high school students at

Rechab Academy, Inc. we will use a correlational research design and a

quantitative research approach that focuses on finding the correlation

between the two or more variables. This approach aims to find out the

positive and negative correlation between prolonged screen exposure to the

physical and mental well-being of selected senior high school students. We

the researchers will use correlational approach because it allows to fully

investigate the relationship between the variables, if there is a significant

correlation of prolonged screen exposure to the physical and mental well-

being of selected senior high school students at Rechab Academy, Inc.

RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY

The respondents of this study are the selected senior high school

students of Rechab Academy, Inc. We will be using the stratified random

sampling method to select the respondents, and the researchers will use

Slovin’s formula to calculate

the number of respondents. Senior high school students are chosen as the

research respondents of this study because they are our target to know how

prolonged screen exposure affects their physical and mental well-being. A

sample size of 180 selected students was recruited in this study; based on

the study, this number of respondents is sufficient to determine the significant

correlation.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
 The researchers will use a survey questionnaire as a tool to gather the

data from the respondents. In order to get the information, the researchers

will use a 4-point Likert Scale as a respondents’ response.

RESEARCH LOCALE

The researchers will conduct this study at Rechab Academy

Incorporated, to know if the students at this school has a time limit in using

gadgets and how prolonged screen exposure affects their physical and

mental well-being. Rechab Academy Incorporated offers sports such as

Volleyball, Basketball, Table Tennis, Boxing, and Arnis, this school is active in

sports that’s why researchers choose this kind of research study to know if

their students are really physically and mentally fit.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

The data gathering procedure is initiated by development of research

objectives that are aimed at presenting the objectives of the research. When

these objectives have been set, the researchers will go ahead to develop the

survey questionnaires. After that, consent or permission as required by ethical

or privacy standards will be sought for your research. After receiving these

permissions, the researchers shall send the survey to selected Senior High
School students of Rechab Academy Inc. After the questionnaires have been

distributed the researchers will gather the filled questionnaires. Last, the

obtained data will be processed by the chi-square method to determine the

impact of increased screen time on general health outcomes in students.

STATISTICAL TREATMENT

This correlational study investigates the relationship between prolonged

screen exposure and physical/mental well-being among the students of

Rechab Academy Incorporated. To determine the relationship between the

categorical variables, Chi-Square (χ²) test is used. This is a non-parametric

test that is suitable for the analysis of nominal or ordinal data in this study

which is the cover of the three categorical variables: Prolonged Screen

Exposure, Physical Wellbeing, and Mental Wellbeing. Chi-Square tests the

hypothesis if there is a strong abstract between these variables. The test is

being chosen also due to its capability of handling cases of categorical data

and giving the researcher some clues of the connection.

The Chi-Square test is the instrument to test the main research question

if there is a significant relationship between Prolonged Screen Exposure and

Physical Wellbeing? Or Physical Wellbeing electric blue skin overcast? The

computed parameters of expectations, statistics, and probabilities are used

as a means of producing information about the interactions among the

variables. The results of this study will show whether extreme screen

exposure is directly responsible for physical/mental health, thus the

necessary changes will be made. This statistical treatment is very important

to understanding and getting deep into the complex relationship between the

screen and their health.

The conditions required to use Chi-Square are the data needed to

consists of independent observations with expected cell frequencies of 5 or

more respectively. The research is comparing the associations whereas using

the 0.05 level of significance will be the critical sample value. The Chi-Square

test results will be used to develop strategies for promoting healthy screen

use habits among Senior High school students thus, they will enhance their

physical and mental well-being. Chi-Square through a given study reveals

information about the correlation between the length of exposure to a screen

and health and well-being of an individual.

CHAPTER 4

Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation

The results presented in this chapter are consistent, researchers

made used of the data and analysis. Researchers rely on the insights

provided by the respondents and they were able to determine the correlation

between prolonged screen exposure to the physical and mental well-being of

the senior high school students at Rechab Academy Inc.

 Grade Frequency Percentage

11 156 60.94%

12 100 39.06%

Total 256 100%

Demographic Profile of the Students in terms of Grade Level

Table 1.

Based on the table, most of the respondents are grade 11 students

with the total of 156 grade 11 students and has the percentage of 60.94
percent. Meanwhile, the grade 12 students has the frequency of 100 students
and has 39.06 percent, with the total of 256 students and with the percentage
of 100 percent.

Strand Frequency Percentage

ABM 18 7.03%

GAS 56 21.88%

HUMSS 124 48.43%

STEM 58 22.66%

Total 256 100%

 Demographic Profile of Respondents in terms of Strand
Table 2.

The table shows that the HUMSS strand has the highest number
of respondents with the frequency of 124 which is 48.43% OF 256. On the
other hand, the ABM strand has the lowest number of respondents with the
total number of 18 students which is 7.03% of 256.

Screen Time in relation to Physical and Mental Well-being

A. Screen Time Mean Verbal

Interpretation

1. I play online games for 2-3 hours a day. 2.4 Rarely

2. I use Messenger for 4-5 hours a day to 3.0 Often

send messages.
3. I spend an excessive amount of time on 2.8 Often
screen for academic goals.
4. I spend 3-4 hours a day in watching 2.9 Often
entertainment videos on Tiktok.
5. I spend more than 10 hours a day using 2.7 Often
gadget/s that I have.

Total 2.7 Often

Assessment on Screen Time

Table 3.

The table shows the data of screen time, it shows the verbal
interpretation of this category which is ‘’Often’’. The highest computed mean
is S2 which is 3.0 and with verbal interpretation of ‘’Often’’.
 B. Physical Mean Verbal
Interpretatio
n
1. I experienced eye strain every time I 2.4 Rarely
use gadgets.

2. I experienced neck pain while using 2.7 Often

gadgets.
3. I experienced headache every time I 2.4 Rarely
spend a lot of time using gadgets.

4. I experienced backpain after I used 2.65 Often

gadgets in a long period of time.

5. I’m experiencing sleep disturbances 2.8 Often

because of spending too much time on
gadgets.
Total 2.5 Rarely

Assessment for Physical well-being

Table 4.

This table shows the influence of prolonged screen exposure on

physical well-being of the students. The total computed mean is 2.5 with
verbal interpretation of ‘’Rarely’’. The highest computed mean is S5 which is
2.8 and its verbal interpretation is ‘’Often’’.

C. Mental Mean Verbal

Interpretatio
n
1. I’m making a way to reduce using 2.6 Often
gadget/s a day to improve my mental well-
being.
2. Does using gadgets all day lead you to 2.5 Rarely
feeling excessively tired?
3. I feel anxious after I’m exposed on 2.3 Rarely
screen for a long period of time.
4. I feel more stressed when I spend most 2.4 Rarely
of my time on screen.
5. I have a hard time falling asleep or 2.4 Rarely
going to sleep
Total 2.4 Rarely

Assessment on Mental well-being

Table 5.

The table illustrates student’s mental well-being, the data shows the total
computed mean is 2.4 and its verbal interpretation ‘’Rarely’’. The highest
computed mean is S1 which is 2.6 and its verbal interpretation ‘’Often’’.

Application