1.Difference between “ == “ and “ === “ operators.

Answer: Both are comparison operators. The difference between both the
operators is that,“==” is used to compare values whereas,“ === “ is used to
compare both value and datatypes.

var x="2";
var y=2;
console.log(x==y); It returns true because it only check values not data types
console.log(x===y); It returns false because you can see though values are same
x is of string type and y is of number type
so in strict equal comparison operator both value and data types should be same
(or)equal otherwise it throws as false

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2. What is the spread operator?

Answer:The spread operator is a new addition to the set of operators in JavaScript

ES6. It takes in an iterable (e.g an array) and expands it into individual elements.

The spread operator is commonly used to make shallow copies of JS objects. Using
this operator makes the code concise and enhances its readability.

The spread operator is denoted by three dots, ….

let array1 = ['h', 'e', 'y'];

let array2 = [...array1];
console.log(array2);
Output:[ 'h', 'e', 'y' ]

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3.What are the differences between var, let and const?

var is a Global or Functional Scoped.it can be reassigned or redeclared and it can

be modified later.

let is a Block Scoped.it cannot be reassigned or redeclare. let can be modified

later.
const is a Block Scoped.it cannot be reassigned or redeclare.const cannot be
modified later.

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4. What is execution context

The browser's JavaScript engine then creates a special environment to handle the
transformation and execution of this JavaScript code. This environment is known
as the Execution Context.

The Execution Context contains the code that's currently running, and everything
that aids in its execution.

During the Execution Context run-time, the specific code gets parsed by a parser,
the variables and functions are stored in memory, executable byte-code gets
generated, and the code gets executed.

There are two kinds of Execution Context in JavaScript:

● Global Execution Context (GEC)

● Function Execution Context (FEC)

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5.What is meant by first class functions

A programming language is said to have First-class functions when functions in

that language are treated like any other variable. For example, in such a language,
a function can be passed as an argument to other functions, can be returned by
another function and can be assigned as a value to a variable.

1.Example | Assign a function to a variable

const foo = function() {

 console.log("foobar");
}
foo(); // Invoke it using the variable
// foobar

We assigned an Anonymous Function in a Variable, then we used that variable to

invoke the function by adding parentheses () at the end.

2.Example | Pass a function as an Argument

function sayHello() {
return "Hello, ";
}
function greeting(helloMessage, name) {
console.log(helloMessage() + name);
}
// Pass `sayHello` as an argument to `greeting` function
greeting(sayHello, "JavaScript!");
// Hello, JavaScript!

We are passing our sayHello() function as an argument to the greeting() function,

this explains how we are treating the function as a value.

3.Example | Return a function

function sayHello() {
return function() {
console.log("Hello!");
}
}

In this example; We need to return a function from another function - We can

return a function because we treated function in JavaScript as a value.

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5.What are closures?

Answer:

A closure is the combination of a function bundled together (enclosed) with

references to its surrounding state (the lexical environment). In other words, a
closure gives you access to an outer function's scope from an inner function. In
JavaScript, closures are created every time a function is created, at function
creation time.

function OuterFunction() {

var outerVariable = 100;

function InnerFunction() {
console.log(outerVariable);
}

return InnerFunction;
}
var innerFunc=OuterFunction();
innerFunc();

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6.Explain call(), apply() and, bind() methods.

call(): The call() method invokes a function with a given this value and
arguments provided one by one

var employe1={

name:"vijay",
age:21
}
var employe2={
name:"kumar",
age:24

function invite(greeting1,greeting2){

console.log(greeting1+" "+this.name+" "+greeting2)

}
invite.call(employe1,"Hi","How are you")

apply:Invokes the function with a given this value and allows you to pass
in arguments as an array

invite.apply(employe2,["hey dude" ,"how are you "])

bind: returns a new function, allowing you to pass any number of

arguments

var inviteEmploye1=invite.bind(employe1);
var inviteEmploye2=invite.bind(employe2);

inviteEmploye1("hi","how are you")

inviteEmploye2("hey","how are you doing?")

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*****

7.Explain prototypes

Answer:A prototype is a blueprint of an object. Prototype allows us to use

properties
and methods on an object even if the properties and methods do not exist on the
current object.
prototype Object will be created inside the object which refers to the prototype
constructor
const parentObject={

name:"vijay",
age:21,

}
var childObect=Object.create(parentObject)
console.log(parentObject.name);
console.log(childObect.name);

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8.What are promises and why do we need them?

A Promise is a proxy for a value not necessarily known when the promise is
created. It allows you to associate handlers with an asynchronous action's eventual
success value or failure reason. This lets asynchronous methods return values like
synchronous methods: instead of immediately returning the final value, the
asynchronous method returns a promise to supply the value at some point in the
future.

A Promise is in one of these states:

pending: initial state, neither fulfilled nor rejected.

fulfilled: meaning that the operation was completed successfully.
rejected: meaning that the operation failed.

Benefits of Promises

1. Improves Code Readability

2. Better handling of asynchronous operations
3. Better flow of control definition in asynchronous logic
4. Better Error Handling

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9.What is the purpose of async/await keywords?

An async function is a function declared with the async keyword, and the await
keyword is permitted within it. The async and await keywords enable
asynchronous, promise-based behavior to be written in a cleaner style, avoiding
the need to explicitly configure promise chains.

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10.What are function constructors?

Answer:

The Function constructor creates a new Function object. Calling the constructor
directly can create functions dynamically, but suffers from security and similar
(but far less significant) performance issues to Global_Objects/eval. However,
unlike eval, the Function constructor creates functions which execute in the global
scope only.
Example:

const sum = new Function('a', 'b', 'return a + b');

console.log(sum(2, 6));
// expected output: 8

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11.What is hoisting?

Answer:Hoisting is a JavaScript mechanism where variables and function

declarations are moved to the top of their scope before code execution. Remember
that JavaScript only hoists declarations, not initialisation. Let's take a simple
example of variable hoisting,

console.log(message); //output : undefined

var message = 'The variable Has been hoisted';

The above code looks like as below to the interpreter,

var message;
console.log(message);
message = 'The variable Has been hoisted';

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12. What is the DOM?

Answer:

The Document Object Model (DOM) is the data representation of the objects that
comprise the structure and content of a document on the web.

The Document Object Model (DOM) is a programming interface for web

documents. It represents the page so that programs can change the document
structure, style, and content. The DOM represents the document as nodes and
objects; that way, programming languages can interact with the page.

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13.Difference between undefined vs not defined vs NaN

Undefined

undefined is a global variable that JavaScript creates at run time. JavaScript

assigns undefined to any variable that has been declared but not initialized or

defined. In other words, in a case where no value has been explicitly assigned to

the variable, JavaScript calls it undefined.

null

It is one of JavaScript’s primitive values and is treated as falsy for boolean

operations.null is an empty or non-existent value and null must be assigned. We

use null when we want to explicitly declare that a variable is empty.

not defined

A not defined is a variable that is not declared at a given point of time with

declaration keyword like var, let, or const.

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14.How many operators do we have in JS ?

We have 6 types of operators in JS they are

1. Arithmetic Operators
2. Comparison Operators
3. Logical Operators
 4. Assignment Operators
5. Conditional Operators
6. Ternary Operator

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15.What are pure functions?

Pure Function is a function (a block of code ) that always returns the same result if
the same arguments are passed. It does not depend on any state, or data change
during a program’s execution rather it only depends on its input arguments.

Also a pure function does not produce any observable side effects such as network
requests or data mutation etc.

Let’s see the below JavaScript Function:

function calculateGST( productPrice ) {

return productPrice * 0.05;
}

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16.What is an event loop and call stack

A call stack is a mechanism for an interpreter (like the JavaScript interpreter in a

web browser) to keep track of its place in a script that calls multiple functions —
what function is currently being run and what functions are called from within that
function, etc.

The event loop is a constantly running process that monitors both the callback
queue and the call stack.

If the call stack is not empty, the event loop waits until it is empty and places the
next function from the callback queue to the call stack. If the callback queue is
empty, nothing will happen

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17.What is prototype chain

Prototype chaining is used to build new types of objects based on existing ones. It
is similar to inheritance in a class based language.

The prototype on object instance is available through

Object.getPrototypeOf(object) or proto property whereas prototype on
constructors function is available through Object.prototype.

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*******

18.What is the use of setTimeout

The setTimeout() is a method inside the window object, it calls the specified
function or evaluates a JavaScript expression provided as a string after a given
time period for only once.
We all have used alarms or reminders several times, this setTimeout() method also
has the same purpose in web applications. We use this to delay some kind of
executions.

Syntax: setTimeout(function, time);

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19.What is callback hell

Callback Hell is an anti-pattern with multiple nested callbacks which makes code
hard to read and debug when dealing with asynchronous logic. The callback hell
looks like below,

async1(function(){
async2(function(){
async3(function(){
async4(function(){
....
});
});
});
});

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20.What is promise chaining

The process of executing a sequence of asynchronous tasks one after another

using promises is known as Promise chaining. Let's take an example of promise
chaining for calculating the final result,

new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {

setTimeout(() => resolve(1), 1000);

}).then(function(result) {

console.log(result); // 1
return result * 2;

}).then(function(result) {

console.log(result); // 2
return result * 3;

}).then(function(result) {

console.log(result); // 6
return result * 4;

});

In the above handlers, the result is passed to the chain of .then() handlers with the
below work flow,

1. The initial promise resolves in 1 second,

2. After that .then handler is called by logging the result(1) and then return a
promise with the value of result * 2.
3. After that the value passed to the next .then handler by logging the result(2)
and return a promise with result * 3.
4. Finally the value passed to the last .then handler by logging the result(6)
and return a promise with result * 4.
************************************************************************************
******

21.What is creation phase and execution phase?

Compiler runs through the entire code for 2 time before actually executing the

code,

1. In the first run, It picks all function declarations and stores them in

memory with their reference.

2. In the second run, It picks all variables and assign undefined to them. In

the event of a conflict between variable and function declaration name

then that variable is ignored.

Execution Phase

1. Variables assigned with values

2. Functions executed

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22.What is a Temporal Dead Zone?

The Temporal Dead Zone is a behavior in JavaScript that occurs when declaring a
variable with the let and const keywords, but not with var. In ECMAScript 6,
accessing a let or const variable before its declaration (within its scope) causes a
ReferenceError. The time span when that happens, between the creation of a
variable’s binding and its declaration, is called the temporal dead zone.
Let's see this behavior with an example,

function somemethod() {
console.log(counter1); // undefined
console.log(counter2); // ReferenceError
var counter1 = 1;
let counter2 = 2;
}

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23.What is the for-in loop in JavaScript? Give its syntax

The for-in loop is a special type of a loop that iterates over the properties of an
object, or the elements of an array. for - in loop : returns you the indexes of the
arrayThe generic syntax of the for-in loop is:

for(variable in object) {
// Code to be executed
}

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24.What are arrow functions?

Arrow Functions — also called “fat arrow” functions, are relatively a new way of

writing concise functions in JavaScript. They have been introduced by the

ECMAScript 6 specifications and since then become the most popular ES6 feature.

Arrow functions allow us to use the fat arrow => operator to quickly define

JavaScript functions, with or without parameters. We are able to omit the curly

braces and the function and return keywords when…

// function expression

let x = function(x, y) {

return x * y;

can be written as

// using arrow functions

let x = (x, y) => x * y;

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25.What are objects in javascript?

In JavaScript, an object is an unordered collection of key-value pairs. Each key-

value pair is called a property.

The key of a property can be a string. And the value of a property can be any
value, e.g., a string, a number, an array, and even a function.

JavaScript provides you with many ways to create an object. The most commonly
used one is to use the object literal notation.

The following example creates an empty object using the object literal notation:

let empty = {};

To create an object with properties, you use the key:value within the curly braces.
For example, the following creates a new person object:

let person = {

firstName: 'John',
 lastName: 'Doe'

};

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26.What are callbacks?

A callback function is a function passed into another function as an argument. This

function is invoked inside the outer function to complete an action. Let's take a
simple example of how to use callback function

function callbackFunction(name) {
console.log('Hello ' + name);
}

function outerFunction(callback) {
let name = prompt('Please enter your name.');
callback(name);
}

outerFunction(callbackFunction);

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******

27.Explain Local Scope, Block Scope, Functional Scope and Scope Chain in
javascript

The scope will let us know at a given part of code, what are the variables and
functions that we can or cannot access.
There are three types of scopes in JS:

1.Global Scope
2.Local or Function Scope
3.Block Scope
Global scope:A variable declared at the top of a program or outside of a function is
considered a global scope variable.
var a=3;

function greet()
{

console.log(a);

}
greet()

Local scope:A variable can also have a local scope, i.e it can only be accessed
within a function.
var a=4;
function add()
{
var q=4;
console.log(a+b);

}
greet()

console.log(a+q);error
q will be not accesible as it was defined inside the function

Block scope is related to the variables declared using let and const. Variables
declared with var do not have block scope.
Block scope tells us that any variable declared inside a block { }, can be accessed
only inside that block and cannot be accessed outside of it.
{
let abcd = 45;
}
console.log(abcd);reference error as it was defined inside the block

scope chain:JavaScript engine also uses Scope to find variables.

var x=24;
function OuterFunction()
{
var s=224;
var innerfunction=function innerfunction()
{

console.log(s);

}
var innerfunction2=function innerfunction2()
{

console.log(x);

}
innerfunction();
innerfunction2();

}
OuterFunction();
As you can see in the code above, if the javascript engine does not find the variable
in local scope,
it tries to check for the variable in the outer scope. If the variable does not exist in
the outer scope, it tries to
find the variable in the global scope.
If the variable is not found in the global space as well, reference error is thrown.

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28. What is difference between null and undefined and where to use what?

In JavaScript, undefined means a variable has been declared but has not yet been
assigned a value, such as:

var testVar; alert(testVar); //shows undefined

alert(typeof testVar); //shows undefined

null is an assignment value. It can be assigned to a variable as a representation of

no value:

var testVar = null; alert(testVar); //shows null

alert(typeof testVar); //shows object
************************************************************************************
******

29.Explain Event Loop

The event loop is a constantly running process that monitors both the callback
queue and the call stack.

If the call stack is not empty, the event loop waits until it is empty and places the
next function from the callback queue to the call stack. If the callback queue is
empty, nothing will happen

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30.Explain if JS is Synchornous and Asynchronous ?

By default, JavaScript is a synchronous, blocking, single-threaded language. This

simply means only one operation will be in progress at a time. Windows alert
function is a good example like,alert("Hello World") when this function is executed
whole web page is stuck and you can't interact with it until you dismiss the alert.

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Implementation Normal

1.Give an example of closure

function makeFunc() {
var name = 'Mozilla';
function displayName() {
alert(name);
}
return displayName;
}
var myFunc = makeFunc();
myFunc();

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******

2. Give an example of call(), apply(), bind()

var employee1 = {firstName: 'John', lastName: 'Rodson'};

var employee2 = {firstName: 'Jimmy', lastName: 'Baily'};

function invite(greeting1, greeting2) {

console.log(greeting1 + ' ' + this.firstName + ' ' + this.lastName+ ', '+
greeting2);
}

invite.call(employee1, 'Hello', 'How are you?'); // Hello John Rodson, How are you?
invite.call(employee2, 'Hello', 'How are you?'); // Hello Jimmy Baily, How are you?

invite.apply(employee1, ['Hello', 'How are you?']); // Hello John Rodson, How are
you?
invite.apply(employee2, ['Hello', 'How are you?']); // Hello Jimmy Baily, How are
you?

var inviteEmployee1 = invite.bind(employee1);

var inviteEmployee2 = invite.bind(employee2);
inviteEmployee1('Hello', 'How are you?'); // Hello John Rodson, How are you?
inviteEmployee2('Hello', 'How are you?'); // Hello Jimmy Baily, How are you?

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******

3.Write code to explain map and filter in arrays

const numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4];

const doubled = numbers.map(item => item * 2);
console.log(doubled); // [2, 4, 6, 8]
var numbers = [1,2,3,4,5];
var greaterThan2 = numbers.filter(n => n > 2);
greaterThan2; // [3,4,5]

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******

4.Give an example of async/await

function resolveAfter2Seconds()
return new Promise(resolve =>
{
setTimeout(() => {
resolve('resolved')
}, 2000);
});
}
async function asyncCall() {
console.log('calling');
const result = await resolveAfter2Seconds();
console.log(result);
// expected output: "resolved"

******************************************************************************

5.Give an example of inheritance using function constructor

function Employee(name, age, gender, id) {

this.name = name;

this.age = age;

this.gender = gender;

this.id = id;

};

function Developer(name, age, gender, id,

specialization) {
 // Calling Employee constructor function

Employee.call(this, name, age, gender, id);

// Adding a new parameter

this.specialization = specialization;

console.log(Employee.prototype);
 console.log(Developer.prototype);}

asyncCall();

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6.Please explain Self Invoking Function and its code IIFE (Immediately Invoked
Function Expression) is a JavaScript function that runs as soon as it is defined. The
signature of it would be as below,

(function ()

// logic here

)
();

The primary reason to use an IIFE is to obtain data privacy because any variables
declared within the IIFE cannot be accessed by the outside world. i.e, If you try to
access variables with IIFE then it throws an error as below,

(function ()

var message = "IIFE";

console.log(message);

)
();

console.log(message); //Error: message is not defined

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DOM

1.Create a button , on click of which new Heading tag h1 should be added

with text as "MERN stack" on the screen above button

function change_text()

document.getElementById("demo").innerText = "You clicked the button, I am new

paragraph.";

}
************************************************************************************
******

2.Write code to get 1st H1 element from a webpage using DOM

var result=document.getElementsByTagName("h1");

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******

3.Write code to implement timer clock using JS -- display HH:MM:SS -- the

time should keep updating every second

function myfunction(){

var d=new Date().toLocaleTimeString();

document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML=d;

var oneSecond = 1000;

setInterval( myfunction, oneSecond);

************************************************************************************
******

4.Create an HTML page having content as Hello world and a button named
Replace Text. When user will click on this button page content should be
changed to "Welcome to Elevation academy"

function getOption()

document.getElementById("p1").innerHTML = "Elevation Academy"

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******

5.Create an HTML page having content as Hello world and a button named
"Hide Text." When user will click on this button hide the "Hello World"
text
function getOption(){

document.getElementById("p1").style.display="none"

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******

Coding Question

1.Given an array of 0's and 1's find out number of 0's

function numberOfZeros(array) {

var zeros = [];

 var ones=[]

for(var i = 0; i < array.length; i ++){

if(array[i] === 0) {

zeros.push(array[i]);

console.log("Numbers of zeros ="+zeros.length);

for(var j = 0; j < array.length; j ++){

if(array[j] === 1) {
 ones.push(array[j]);

console.log("Numbers of ones ="+ones.length);

numberOfZeros([4, 0, 1, 5, 0]);

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******

2.Given an array find out total no. of odd and even nos.
const array = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

let odd = 0;

let even = 0;

for (let i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {

// checking if a number is completely

// divisible by 2

if (array[i] & 1 == 1)

odd++;
 else

even++;

console.log("Even =", even);

console.log("Odd = ", odd);

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******

3.Given a string find out number of vowels

const countVowels = str => Array.from(str) .filter(letter =>

'aeiou'.includes(letter)).length;
console.log(countVowels('abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz')); // 5
console.log(countVowels('test')); // 1 console.log(countVowels('ddd')); // 0

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