Networking

Sockets

25-03-16 CMPT 201 Slides 10.1 © Dr. B. Fraser 1

 Topics

●
How does software do something complicated
like networking? Layers!
>
-
Stream Sockets (For)
TCP
●
What are the two types of sockets? Datagram
●
What syscalls can we use to work with sockets? (ForUDP)
2 sochet
g
.

aucht
connue 2 )
loses
Me

25-03-16 2
 Networking
●
Programs can communicate with each other via a network.
-
– Can be across a network (wifi, wired, ...)
-

– Can be on the same computer!

-
●
More Resources
– Beej's Guide to Network Programming
https://beej.us/guide/bgnet/ is popular.
– The Linux Programming Interface (our recommended text) Me

is also great.

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 Basics of the Networking Stack

25-03-16 4
 Networking Stack
●
Stack
– .. software uses a network stack to
organize responsibilities into layers
– Each layer provides a service to the layer
above it.

-
Application
-
Transport

IP -

-
Link (MAC)
-
Phy

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 Physical Layer
It converts
●
Phy (Physical) Layer: - binary data

.. Does Hardwar Control into electrical

,

generates and receives signals. optical or radio

Handles
voltage
luels,
&
– Need to know how to signals that
timing
signal physically send and receive data. can be transmitted
modulation ~
– Focuses on voltage and signalling. through
Application physical
●
Analogy:
Transport Amazon package delivery: media
.. need
o & driver
car a
IP
2 G .
ethrnet Cables (Wire)
Link (MAC)
·

Metrical signals transmitted our twisted-pair Katiea

Cables
Phy WiFi (wireless
Involves radio Frequency signalling
25-03-16 Fiber optic 6
 Link Layer
Man Addres
A
is used
to ●
Link (MAC) Layer:
identify a device
.. Does Local network addressing &
Routing
within a local – This is only for a (small area) local network.
network
.

– E.g., wired or wireless local network.

– LAN = Local Area Network
Application
●
Link layer has MAC addresses for addressing.
– MAC =.. Medium Access control
Transport MAC address look like: -
05:35:5a:30:f9:05
IP
●
Analogy: Amazon package delivery: X
– need an address and routes 6
bytes
Link (MAC) (how to get there). or
48 bits
Phy

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 IP (Network) Layer
It ensures
data can travel
-● IP ("Network") Layer:
.. Does inter network addressing
between different I routing
networks , typically across – IP =.. Internet Protocol
the network
●
What if you want to connect a wired local
network with a wireless local network?
– Still need addressing and routing but it needs
Application
to be something common for both wired and
Transport wireless.

IP
●
.. This layer uses IP addresses for addressing
– IP addresses look like: 192.168.7.53 > 4
-

bytes
Link (MAC) 32 bits
Amazon Package Delivery
Phy IP address is more like the address used
to
identify locations in
diff neighborhoods.
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 Transport Layer
●
Transport Layer:
.. Can do packet tracking /Petransmission
●
Imagine sending/receiving lots of packages:
3 problems can occur:
– .. packagesan be lost
Think car crash; or human errors like losing a
Application package in a warehouse.
Transport
– .. Packages can arriv out of order
They may be delivered by different trucks via
IP different routes.
Link (MAC)
– .. Packages can the duplicated
If the sender mistakenly thinks the package is
Phy lost and re-sends.
This is done using ACKS & Sequence

25-03-16 numbers 9
 Transport Layer (cont)
A connection must

we establishich ●
Some applications require an in-order reliable
before data transmissionbyte stream.

begins .
~ ●
Need a way to control these things:
– .. TCP (TransmissionControl Protocol)
provides protection against these things:
-

.. No loss no out of order no Duplication

, ,

Application – .. UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

Transport does not provide any protection! > without
-
-

Raw datagrams = packets. establishing

a

IP connection Useful
Port Number
.

Link (MAC) – Use a socket port number to identify

~
.. ther on computer , which application)
Phy to send a packet
– E.g., port 80, or 443
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 Application Layer
●
Application Layer:
.. What theapplication is doing.
– Often features a well-known protocol such as:
HTTP and FTP.
The Application Layer dictates what the application is doing in terms of network communication.
For example, when a user requests a webpage, the web browser sends HTTP requests, and the server
sends back HTML content over HTTP.
Application

Transport
Amazon Package Delivery
This is like the service that the customer
IP
.
requests 2g Placing an order
Link (MAC)

Phy

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 ABCD Spot the Address
●
Which of the following is ___________?
1) an IP Address
2) a MAC Address
3) Port Number

37 a) 8001
2) b) 19:02:16:08:07:01 Glytes
17 c) 153.10.23.103 4 bytes
d) 0xF532 5E85 0005 235F

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 Socket Interface

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 Socket Syscalls

~●
An application can use a socket to communicate with another
process (local or remote)

●
There are five key syscalls
– socket()
– bind()
– listen()
– accept()
– connect()

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 socket()
int socket(int domain, int type, int protocol)
– .. Returns filedescriptor
a

– Functions to send/receive
●
socket-specific calls: send(), recv(), sendto(), recvfrom()
-

●
file I/O calls: read(), write()
-

●
int domain
↓
– Specifies what protocol is used. What is a protocol?
Specifies
●
.. It
defines a set
of rules that Entity
an needs
communication
follow to communicats with anotherrntity
to
domain –
Domain examples using the same rules .

whether
comm happens
●
AF_UNIX: Local communication (this computer)
on local maching ●
AF_INET: IPv4 Internet protocols
or our network
●
AF_INET6: IPv6 Internet protocols
25-03-16 15
 socket() cont It return a
file
- descriptor
int socket(int domain, int type, int protocol)
●
int type
– SOCK_STREAM: TCP
.. secured
, reliable , I way ,
connectionbased dyt stream
●
Connection-based / connection-oriented: will explain later
-
handshake
– SOCK_DGRAM: UDP
.. datagrams I connectionless unreliable packets of
, a mass
length)
Connectionless: will explain later. T

making it
●

but
●
int protocol faster
– -
Always 0 for us; not used for AF_UNIX, AF_INET, and less
reliabl
AF_INET6. than
TCP -

– Some domains allow different protocols.

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 Stream Socket Sequence (TCP)
This
function Passive Socket creates a Active Socket
blocks the Server
(Server) (Client)
server
tolisten
until a connection socket
- incoming
connections

-
request is
light
socket() for
made by
bind() > socket is bound to a
.. Blocking
-

waits for listen() - specific port I address

> server connection requests
accept() lugins to listen for
.
socket
connection
attempt
2 socket() > client creats
-
a

connect() sochet
X
accept() client cornets to the

returns on server ,
specifying the
new read() write() server's address &
write() read() port

3
connection
Both the server
& client
these
read() write()
uses
functions to
send & receive data over
write() read() the
Established Top
connection

they can continuously

exchange data until
close() close() communication s

complete
25-03-16 ↓ 17

After communication
rnds

Both Client & Serves closether sockets

to release
using these soches resources
 TCP Explanation: bind()
●
socket() creates a socket.
●
bind().. binds the socket to an address
– Uses a generic address struct.
address
struct sockaddr { define
sa_family_t sa_family; -> family
such as

char sa_data[14]; AEINET for IPrY

// size varies.
-
AF INET ING
// bind() given struct size.
-

for
holds the actual
address data
– Different protocols use different structs
(with different-yet-similar names, and different fields).

25-03-16 18
 TCP Explanation: listen(), accept()
●
listen().. marks the socket as passive
– i.e., it's used to wait for a connection to come (a server).
– By default, a socket is active.
This allows
●
accept().. accepts a new connection the server
to

- handle multiple
– Returns a new socket to use for the new connection. connections
concurrently
– The original socket is only used to accept new connections. ruch with

●
connect().. Client connects to a passive sochet its own

sochet
– "connection-oriented" means we establish a connection first.

25-03-16 19
 ABCD TCP Call Sequence

●
Which of the following is the most likely sequence of calls for
a TCP server?

a)
-
b) c) d)

socket() socket() socket() socket()

bind() bind() bind() bind()
listen() listen() listen() write()
read() accept() accept() listen()
accept() read() write() accept()
write() write() read() read()
close() close() close() close()

25-03-16 20
 Datagram Socket Sequence (UDP)
Passive Socket Active Socket
waits
(Server) for (Client)

↑
-

socket() ecoming
. The
messages
.. Beaching bind() sever blocks while
waits for recvfrom() socket()
It waits for messages
message a client
arriv from
arrival to

I returns a sendto() > sends a

-

message along recvfrom() message to

with the sendto() The serve
client's address recvfrom()
sendto() using the
information recvfrom() socket
sendto()

close() close()

25-03-16 21
 UDP Explanation
●
"connectionless" means
.. we don't establish a connection frist
– It is like an SMS message that is received one-off
– Each time we receive a message we are told who sent it.
●
UDP has no active or passive sockets
-
– sendto() needs to specify the receiver's address every time.
-
– recvfrom() tells you who sent it.
-

25-03-16 22
 ABCD UDP Call Sequence

●
Which of the following is the most likely sequence of calls for
a UDP server?
>

a) b) c) -
d)

socket() socket() socket() socket()

bind() bind() bind() bind()
sendto() X listen()X read() recvfrom()
recvfrom() sendto() write()Z file
descriptors sendto()
not
close() close() close() suitable close()
↓ for upP
because they
servr should use datgrams

la waiting for
messages first before responding.
25-03-16 23
 ABCD: Who’s call is it?

●
Which of the options on the right is most likely to use all of
the following calls (not in order):

a) UDP Client
connect() b) UDP Server
close()
read()
-
c) TCP Client
socket() d) TCP Server
write()

25-03-16 24
 ABCD: Who’s call is it?

●
Which of the options on the right is most likely to use all of
the following calls (not in order):

a) UDP Client
bind()
close()
- b) UDP Server
recvfrom()
c) TCP Client
sendto() d) TCP Server
socket()

25-03-16 25
 ABCD: Who’s call is it?

●
Which of the options on the right is most likely to use all of
the following calls (not in order):

accept() a) UDP Client

bind() b) UDP Server
close()
listen()
c) TCP Client
read() -
d) TCP Server
socket()
write()

25-03-16 26
 TCP Activity
●
Create two TCP programs: server and client.
– Implement the socket sequence using AF_UNIX.
(Local machine)
– The client should be able to send messages typed on the
terminal to the server.
– The server should be able to print out the messages.
– man unix for detailed info for AF_UNIX.
– An AF_UNIX address uses struct sockaddr_un:
struct sockaddr_un {
sa_family_t sun_family; /* AF_UNIX */
char sun_path[108]; /* Pathname = “tmp” */
};

25-03-16 27
#include <errno.h>
#include <stdio.h> data
for reading
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h> to be used
#include
#include
<sys/socket.h>
<sys/un.h> >
-
Defines the leuffer Size
path of sorpet
#include <unistd.h>
> the sour can hold in
connections
-

of pending
#define BUF_SIZE 64
#define MY_SOCK_PATH "tmp">
-
maximum no
acce
#define LISTEN_BACKLOG 32

Y
#define handle_error(msg)
\ mus not
a function
{
do
to hander errors
\ Entire
puts the
code in place of the error
perror(msg);
\
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
\
} while (0)

int main() {

int sfd = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0);

I Removing any existingsonet file
if (sfd == -1)
handle_error("socket");
with zirs
>
- memset is used to fill the memory
if (remove(MY_SOCK_PATH) == -1 && Itfills
don't then
errno != ENOENT) // No such file or directory If
because we

values which
handle_error("remove"); them with garbage
struct sockaddr_un addr;
memset(&addr, 0, sizeof(struct sockaddr_un));
an cuse
lugs & also some

addr.sun_family = AF_UNIX; system calls expect zeroed

strncpy(addr.sun_path, MY_SOCK_PATH, sizeof(addr.sun_path) -
1); memory
if (bind(sfd, (struct sockaddr *)&addr, sizeof(struct
sockaddr_un)) == -1)
handle_error("bind");

the connection
if (listen(sfd, LISTEN_BACKLOG) == -1)
handle_error("listen"); >
-
Rads data from
client through
for (;;) {
int cfd = accept(sfd, NULL, NULL);
if (cfd == -1)
handle_error("accept");

char buf[BUF_SIZE];
ssize_t num_read;
while ((num_read = read(cfd, buf, BUF_SIZE)) > 0) {
if (write(STDOUT_FILENO, buf, num_read) != num_read)
handle_error("write");
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/un.h>
#include <unistd.h>

#define MY_SOCK_PATH "tmp"

#define BUF_SIZE 64
MACRO To handle Borrow
#define handle_error(msg)
do {
& \
\
perror(msg); \
exit(EXIT_FAILURE); \
} while (0)

int main() {

int sfd = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0);

if (sfd == -1)
handle_error("socket");

struct sockaddr_un addr; > connut to

-

memset(&addr, 0, sizeof(struct sockaddr_un));

server
addr.sun_family = AF_UNIX;
strncpy(addr.sun_path, MY_SOCK_PATH, sizeof(addr.sun_path) - 1);

if (connect(sfd, (struct sockaddr *)&addr, sizeof(struct sockaddr_un)) == -1)

handle_error("connect");

char buf[BUF_SIZE];
ssize_t num_read;
while ((num_read = read(STDIN_FILENO, buf, BUF_SIZE)) > 1)
if (write(sfd, buf, num_read) != num_read)
handle_error("write");

if (num_read == -1)
handle_error("read");

exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
 UDP Activity
●
Create two UDP programs: server and client.
– Implement the socket sequence using AF_UNIX.
(Local machine)
– The client should be able to send messages typed on the
terminal to the server.
– The server should be able to print out the messages.
– man unix for detailed info for AF_UNIX.
– An AF_UNIX address uses struct sockaddr_un:
struct sockaddr_un {
sa_family_t sun_family; /* AF_UNIX */
char sun_path[108]; /* Pathname = “tmp” */
};

25-03-16 28
#include <errno.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/un.h>
#include <unistd.h>

#define BUF_SIZE 64
#define MY_SOCK_PATH "tmp"
#define LISTEN_BACKLOG 32

#define handle_error(msg) \
do { \
perror(msg); \
exit(EXIT_FAILURE); \
} while (0)

int main() {
int sfd = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
if (sfd == -1)
handle_error("socket");

if (remove(MY_SOCK_PATH) == -1 &&
errno != ENOENT) // No such file or directory
handle_error("remove");

struct sockaddr_un addr;

socklen_t len = sizeof(struct sockaddr_un);

memset(&addr, 0, sizeof(struct sockaddr_un));

addr.sun_family = AF_UNIX;
strncpy(addr.sun_path, MY_SOCK_PATH, sizeof(addr.sun_path) - 1);

if (bind(sfd, (struct sockaddr *)&addr, sizeof(struct sockaddr_un)) == -1)

handle_error("bind");

for (;;) {
char buf[BUF_SIZE];
int num_read = recvfrom(sfd, buf, BUF_SIZE, 0, NULL, &len);
if (write(STDOUT_FILENO, buf, num_read) != num_read)
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/un.h>
#include <unistd.h>

#define MY_SOCK_PATH "tmp"

#define BUF_SIZE 64

#define handle_error(msg) \
do { \
perror(msg); \
exit(EXIT_FAILURE); \
} while (0)

int main() {
int sfd = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
if (sfd == -1)
handle_error("socket");

struct sockaddr_un addr;

memset(&addr, 0, sizeof(struct sockaddr_un));
addr.sun_family = AF_UNIX;
strncpy(addr.sun_path, MY_SOCK_PATH, sizeof(addr.sun_path) - 1);

ssize_t num_read;
char buf[BUF_SIZE];

while ((num_read = read(STDIN_FILENO, buf, BUF_SIZE)) > 1)

if (sendto(sfd, buf, num_read, 0, (struct sockaddr *)&addr,
sizeof(struct sockaddr_un)) != num_read)
handle_error("sendto");

exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
 Summary
●
Network Stack has layers (bottom-up)
– phy, link, IP, transport, application
●
Socket: Connect to communicate across network.
●
TCP:
– Connection-oriented; in-order delivery.
– Server:
socket(), bind(), listen(), accept(), read(), write()... close()
– Client: socket(), connect(), write(), read(), ... close()
●
UDP:
– Connectionless
– Server: socket(), bind(), recvfrom(), sendto(), ... close()
– Client: socket(), sendto(), recvfrom(), close()

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