Class 10 Mathematics Notes (Pakistan)
These notes cover important topics of Class 10 Mathematics (Pakistan curriculum). They are
designed to help students revise key formulas, definitions, and concepts.
Chapter 1 – Quadratic Equations
- General form: ax² + bx + c = 0
- Quadratic Formula: x = (-b ± √(b² - 4ac)) / 2a
- Factorization method: Split the middle term and solve.
Chapter 2 – Theory of Quadratic Equations
- Nature of roots depends on discriminant (D = b² - 4ac).
- D > 0 → Two real and distinct roots.
- D = 0 → Two equal roots.
- D < 0 → No real roots (complex roots).
Chapter 3 – Variations
- Direct variation: y ∝ x
- Inverse variation: y ∝ 1/x
- Joint variation: y ∝ xz
Chapter 4 – Partial Fractions
- Proper fraction: Degree of numerator < denominator.
- Improper fraction: Degree of numerator ≥ denominator.
- Resolve into partial fractions using factorization.
Chapter 5 – Sets and Functions
- Set: Collection of well-defined objects.
- Union (A ∪ B), Intersection (A ∩ B).
- Function: Mapping from domain to codomain.
Chapter 6 – Basic Statistics
- Mean = (Sum of observations) / (Number of observations).
- Median: Middle value of ordered data.
- Mode: Most frequent value.
Chapter 7 – Introduction to Trigonometry
- sinθ = Opposite/Hypotenuse
- cosθ = Adjacent/Hypotenuse
- tanθ = Opposite/Adjacent
Chapter 8 – Projection of a Side of Triangle
- Projection formula: c² = a² + b² - 2ab cosC
- Used for solving triangles.
Chapter 9 – Chords of a Circle
- Perpendicular from center bisects the chord.
- Equal chords are equidistant from center.
Chapter 10 – Tangent to a Circle
- Tangent is perpendicular to radius at point of contact.
- Two tangents drawn from an external point are equal.
These notes are a concise guide. For exam preparation, practice past papers and textbook
exercises regularly.
