Strings in Python:
A string in Python is a sequence of characters enclosed within single
quotes ' ', double quotes " ", or triple quotes ''' ''' / """ """.
1. Creating Strings
str1 = 'Hello'
str2 = "World"
str3 = '''Python is fun!'''
Python strings are immutable, meaning once created, their content cannot be
changed.
Sorting Strings
Sorting a string means rearranging its characters in a specific order—typically
alphabetical (lexicographical).
🔹 a. Using sorted() Function
s = "python"
sorted_s = sorted(s)
print(sorted_s) # Output: ['h', 'n', 'o', 'p', 't', 'y']
print(''.join(sorted_s)) # Output: 'hnopty'
● sorted() returns a list of characters in sorted order.
● ''.join() converts the list back into a string.
🔹 b. Case Sensitivity
s = "PyThOn"
print(''.join(sorted(s))) # Output: 'OPTPhny'
By default, uppercase letters come before lowercase (ASCII order).
To ignore case, convert to lowercase before sorting:
s = "PyThOn"
sorted_s = ''.join(sorted(s.lower()))
print(sorted_s) # Output: 'hnopty'
🔹 c. Custom Sorting Using key
s = "PyThOn"
print(''.join(sorted(s, key=str.lower)))
# Output: 'hOnPTy'
This keeps the original casing but sorts alphabetically (case-insensitive).
🔹 d. Descending Order
s = "computer"
print(''.join(sorted(s, reverse=True)))
# Output: 'utropmec'
🔹 e. Sorting Words in a String
If you want to sort words, not characters:
Example 1:
sentence = "python is a powerful language"
words = sentence.split()
sorted_words = sorted(words)
print(" ".join(sorted_words))
Output: a is language powerful python
Example 2: Join String from list data
words = ['Hello', 'Python', 'World']
result = " ".join(words)
print(result)
Output: Hello Python World
2. Accessing String Characters
Use indexing (starts from 0):
text = "Python"
print(text[0]) # P
print(text[-1]) # n (last character)
3. String Slicing
String [start:end:step] or slice(start,end,step)
● start: The index to begin slicing (inclusive). Default is 0.
● end: The index to end slicing (exclusive). Default is the length of the string.
● step: How many characters to move forward (or backward) at a time.
Default is 1.
s = "PythonProgramming"
print(s[0:6]) # Python
print(s[6:]) # Programming
print(s[:]) # Full string
print(s[::-1]) # Reversed
4. String Operations
Operation Example Result
Concatenation 'Hello ' + 'World' 'Hello World'
Repetition 'Hi! ' * 3 'Hi! Hi! Hi! '
Membership 'Py' in 'Python' True
Length len("Python") 6
a = "Hello"
b = "World"
result = a + " " + b
print(result) # Output: Hello World
text = "Hi! "
print(text * 3) # Output: Hi! Hi! Hi!
name = "Python Programming"
print("Python" in name) # True
print("Java" not in name) # True
msg = "Hello!"
print(len(msg)) # Output: 6
5. Common String Methods
lower() Converts all characters to lowercase.
upper() Converts all characters to uppercase.
strip() method is used to remove leading and trailing whitespace characters (including
spaces, tabs, and newlines) from a string.
replace() method is used to replace parts of a string with another string.
split() method is used to split a string into a list of substrings, based on a separator.
find() method searches for a substring within a string and returns the index of its first
occurrence. If the substring is not found, it returns -1.
count() method returns the number of times a specified substring appears in a string.
s = " Hello Python "
print(s.lower()) # hello python
print(s.upper()) # HELLO PYTHON
print(s.strip()) # "Hello Python"
print(s.replace("Python", "World")) # Hello World
print(s.split()) # ['Hello', 'Python']
print(s.find("Python")) # 7 returns starting index
print(s.count("l")) # 2
print(s.index("Python")) #7
Note: String methods do not modify the original string (strings
are immutable).
6. String Formatting
🔸 Old Style (%)
name = "Alice"
print("Hello, %s!" % name)
🔸 str.format()
print("Hello, {}!".format("Bob"))
🔸 f-strings (Python 3.6+)
age = 25
print(f"I am {age} years old")
7. Multiline Strings
text = """This is
a multi-line
string."""
print(text)
8. String Comparison
a = "Apple"
b = "Banana"
print(a == b) # False
print(a < b) # True (lexicographic order)
9. String Iteration
for char in "Python":
print(char)
Conclusion:
Operation Syntax / Example Description
Length len(s) Get string length
Index s[0] Access character
Slice s[1:4] Substring
Replace s.replace('a','b') Replace substrings
Split s.split() Break string into list
Join ' '.join(list) Combine list into string
Case s.lower(), Change case
s.upper()
Strip s.strip() Remove whitespace
text = "Hello!"
vowel_count = 0
for char in text:
if char.lower() in "aeiou":
vowel_count += 1
print("Number of vowels:", vowel_count)
