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 Part A – Python Programs
Chapter 1 - Python Revision Tour
1. Write a program to find the sum and average of list in python.
Code:
#Creating list with user defined list
#Declare an empty list l=[]

while True:
#Input through user
n=int(input("Enter no. to add into the list:"))
#Add element into the end of list
l.append(n)

#Condition to break loop by pressing

X ch=input("Press 'X' to stop:") if ch
in 'xX':
break

#Variable for sum and length

s=0 n=len(l) for i in l:
#Computing Sum of elements
s+=i

#Computing average avg=s/n

#Output
print("The list is:",l) print("Sum
is:",s)
print(f"Average is:{avg:.2f}")

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Output:

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2. Write a program to remove duplicates from the dictionary Code:
#A program to remove dulicates from the dictionary

#Creating empty dictionary d={}

#Ask user to enter number of key:value pairs n=int(input("Enter
no. of elements:"))

for i in range(n):
k=input("Enter Key:")
v=input("Enter value:") d[k]=v

#Declare empty dictionary to store unique key-value pairs uni_dict={}

#Traverse dictionary to remove duplicates and store into unique dictionary

for k in d: val=d[k] if val not in uni_dict.values():
uni_dict[k]=val

#Output
print("Dictionary After removing duplicates:",uni_dict)

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 Output:

Chapter 2 – Working with functions

3. Write a program to define a function to accept two integers m and
n respectively as argument and display prime numbers between
them.

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 Code:
#A program to display prime numbers from a
range # Function to check and display prime in the
range def prime_m_to_n(m,n): for i in range(m, n
+ 1):
# all prime numbers are greater than
1 if i > 1: for j in range(2, i):
if (i % j) == 0:
break
else:
print(i, end=' ')

# Taking input for m and n

m = int(input("Enter the value of m: ")) n
= int(input("Enter the value of n: "))

# Calling the function prime_m_to_n(m,

n)

Output:

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4. Write a program to compute interest based on different arguments
given in the function.
Code:
# Function to calculate interest def
compute_int(pri, r=5, t=1, comp=False):

"""Calculates simple or compound interest.

Parameters:
pri: Principal amount r:
Interest rate (default is 5%)
t: Time period in years (default is 1 year)
comp : If True, calculates compound interest, otherwise simple interest
(default is False)"""

if comp:
"""Compound Interest formula: A = P(1 + r/n)^(nt),
where n = 1 for annual compounding""" amt = pri *
(1 + r / 100) ** t i = amt - pri else:
# Simple Interest formula: SI = (P * R * T) / 100
i = (pri * r * t) / 100 return i

# Testing the function with various argument combinations

p=int(input("Enter Principle:")) r=float(input("Enter custom
rate:")) t=float(input("Enter time:"))

# Case 1: Only principal provided, default rate and time print("Interest

(Simple, default):", compute_int(1000))

# Case 2: Principal and rate provided, default time print("Interest

(Simple, custom rate):", compute_int(p, r))

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 # Case 3: Principal, rate, and time provided
print("Interest (Simple, custom rate and time):", compute_int(p, r, t))

# Case 4: Compound interest, with custom rate and time

print(f"Interest (Compound, custom rate and time): {compute_int(p, r, t,
True):.2f}")
Output:

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5. Write a program to largest element in a list using a function. Pass
list object as argument.
Code:
# Function to find the largest element in a list
def find_largest(l):
# Check the list is empty or not
if not l:
# Return None if the list is empty
return None

# Assume the first element is the large

large = l[0]
for i in l:
# Check if other element than first is large
if i > large:
# Update the largest if a bigger number is found
large = i
return large

# Taking input as a list

lst = eval(input("Enter list as input:"))

# Calling the function and printing the result

large_ele = find_largest(lst)
if large_ele is not None:
print(f"The largest element in the list is: {large_ele}")
else:
print("The list is empty.")
Output:

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6. Write a program to count the number of vowels in passed string to
the function.
Code:
# A program to count the number of vowels in passed string to the function
def count_vowels(s):
# Define a set of vowels (both lowercase and uppercase)
vowels = "aeiouAEIOU"

# Initialize a counter variable

count = 0

# Loop through each character in the string

for char in s:
if char in vowels:
count += 1
return count

# Passing string and calling function

input_string = input("Enter a string: ")
print("Number of vowels:", count_vowels(input_string))

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 Chapter 3 – Exception Handling
7. Write a program to take two integers and perform addition of two
numbers handle exception when non-integers entered by user.
Code:
# A program to raise exception when a negative number is entered
# Define a function to add and return error
def add(n1,n2): #Checking for error if
n1<0 or n2<0:
raise ValueError("Negative number entered!")
else:
#Performing Addition
return n1 + n2

#Handling exception using try try:

no1 = int(input("Enter number1: "))
no2 = int(input("Enter number2: "))
print(f"The result is: {add(no1,no2)}")
except ValueError as e:
print(f"Error: {e}")

Output:

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8. Write a program to f ind the square root of a positive number, raise
a custom exception when user enters a non-integer number
Code:
# Importing math module
import math

#Define a function
def find_square_root():
# Handling exception
try:
# Input a number
num = float(input("Enter a number: "))
# Condition to check positive integer
if num <= 0 or num % 1 != 0:
raise ValueError("Input must be a positive integer only")
# Calculating Square root
square_root = math.sqrt(num)
# Output
print(f"The square root of {num} is {square_root}")
#Generating Error message
except ValueError as e:
print(f"Custom Error: {e}")

find_square_root()
Output:

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 Chapter 4 – File Handling
9. Write a program to replace entered word from a text file india.txt.
Code:
# A program to replace entered word from a text file

# Define a function def replace_word(f,

old_word, new_word):
# Open a file to read
with open(f, 'r') as file:
# Store data read from file indt object
dt = file.read()

# Checking the presence of old word and generating appropriate message

if old_word not in dt:
print(f"The word '{old_word}' was not found in the file.")
return
# Replace old word with new word
new_dt = dt.replace(old_word, new_word)

# Writing new data in the file

with open(f, 'w') as file:
file.write(new_dt)
#Output
print()
print(f"The word '{old_word}' has been replaced with '{new_word}'
successfully.") print() print(new_dt)

# Main Code
f = 'india.txt'
old_word = input("Enter the word to be replaced: ")
new_word = input("Enter the new word: ") replace_word(f,
old_word, new_word)

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Output:

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10. Write a menu driven program to store and manipulate data in
binary file to insert, update, delete and display records. The data
has following structure:
Data Represents Patient Information
Dictionary {‘P_ID’:101,’P_Name’:’Shiv’,’Charges’:25000}
File Name patient.dat
Menu:
1. Add Patient
2. Display Patient
3. Search Patient
4. Update Patient
5. Delete Patient
6. Exit Code:
# import module to handle binary files data import
pickle
# A variable to mark as record found to counter loop iteration flag
= False

# Accepting data for Dictionary and dumping into binary file def
add_pat():
# Enter data as Input to add in dictionary
P_ID = int(input('Enter patient_id:')) pname
= input('Enter Patient Name:') charges =
int(input('Enter Charges:'))

# Creating the dictionary

rec = {'P_ID':P_ID,'P_Name':pname,'Charges':charges}

# Opens a file and Writing the Dictionary

f = open('patient.dat','ab')
pickle.dump(rec,f)
f.close()
print("Record Addedd successfully.")

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# Reading and displaying the records def
display_pat():
#Opening a binary file and reading data individually
f = open('patient.dat','rb') while True: try:
rec = pickle.load(f)
print('*'*40)
print('Patient ID:',rec['P_ID'])
print('Name:',rec['P_Name'])
print('charges:',rec['Charges'])
print('*'*40) except EOFError:
break
f.close()

#Searching a record based on patient name def

search_pat(pname):
# Open file to search patient record
f = open('patient.dat','rb')

# Iterating records using while loop

while True:
# Hnalding exception Ran out of Input and EOFError
try:
# Load records into a python object
rec = pickle.load(f)
# Matching and displaying records
if rec['P_Name'] == pname:
print('Patient ID:',rec['P_ID'])
print('Name:',rec['P_Name'])
print('Charges:',rec['Charges'])

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 flag = True
except EOFError:
break

if flag == False:
print('No Record found...')
f.close()

# charges modification for a P_ID def

update_pat():
# Prompt P_ID and charges to modify record
pid = int(input('Enter a P_ID:')) flag=False
# Open a file to verify record exists or not
f = open('patient.dat','rb')

# An empty list to store the record found for the update

reclst = [] while True: try:
rec = pickle.load(f)
reclst.append(rec)
flag=True except
EOFError:
break
f.close()
c = int(input('Enter new Charges:'))
for i in range (len(reclst)): if
reclst[i]['P_ID']==pid:
reclst[i]['Charges'] = c f=
open('patient.dat','wb')

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for i in reclst:
pickle.dump(i,f)
f.close()
print("Record modified successfully...")

# Deleting a record based on P_ID

def deleteRec(): flag=False
f = open('patient.dat','rb')
pid = int(input('Enter a P_ID:'))
reclst = [] while True: try:
rec = pickle.load(f)
reclst.append(rec) except
EOFError:
break
f.close()
f=
open('patient.dat','wb')
for i in reclst: if
i['P_ID']==pid:
continue
pickle.dump(i,f)
print("Record Deleted...")
f.close()
while True:
print('''
1. Add Patient
2. Display Patient
3. Search Patient
4. Update Patient
5. Delete Patient

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6. Exit
''')
ch = int(input('Enter your choice:'))
if ch == 1:
add_pat()
elif ch == 2:
display_pat()
elif ch == 3:
pn = input('Enter a patient name to search:')
search_pat(pn)
elif ch == 4:
update_pat()
elif ch == 5:
deleteRec()
elif ch==6:
print("Bye Bye, Thank you for Interactions")
break
else:
print("Invalid Choice")
Output:
Main Menu

Add Patient

Display Patient
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Search Patient

Update Patient

Delete Patient

Exit

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11. Create a CSV file by entering user-id and password, read and
search the password for given userid.
Code:
# importing csv file import
csv
# creating a list to add record users=[]

# define function to add user def

add_user():
# Taking input username and password
un=input("Enter Username:") pwd=input("Enter
Password:")
# Creating csv file and opening csv file in writing mode
f=open("user.csv","a",newline='')
# Creating writer object
w=csv.writer(f)
# Creating a row with username and password
w.writerow([un,pwd])
# Closing the file
f.close()
print("User added...")

# Defining a seach function def

search():
# Open a file to search password
f=open("user.csv","r") # Reading
data from csv file r=csv.reader(f)
# Enter username to search password
un=input("Enter Username to search:")
# Traversing through records
for i in r:
# Verifying usernames and displaying password

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 if i[0]==un:
print("Your password for ", i[0], " is:",i[1])
f.close()

# Creating main menu while

True:
print('''
1. Add user
2. Search Password
3. Exit
''')
ch=int(input("Enter Your Choice:"))
if ch==1:
add_user()
elif ch==2:
search() elif
ch==3:
break else:
print("Invalid Choice")

Output:
Main Menu

Add User

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 Search Password

12. Write a program to create a binary file candidates.dat which stores

the following information in list as follows:
Structure of Data
Field Data Type

Candidate_id Integer

Candidate_Name String

Designation String

Experience Float

(i) Write a function append() to write data into binary file.

(ii) Write a function display() to display data from binary file for all
candidates whose experience is more than 10.
Code:
# Module to work with binary files
import pickle
# A function to accept data and append into binary
file def append(): with open("Candidates.dat",'ab') as
f:
C_id=int(input("Enter Candidate ID: "))
C_nm=input("Enter Candidate name: ")
C_dg=input("Enter Designation: ")
C_ex=float(input("Enter Experience: "))

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rec=[C_id,C_nm,C_dg,C_ex]
pickle.dump(rec,f)

# Display data after reading file

contents def display(): with
open("Candidates.dat",'rb') as f:
while True: try:
rec=pickle.load(f)
if rec[-1]>10:
print(rec) except
EOFError:
break
# Calling
functions append()
display()
Output:

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13. Write a program to generate a CSV file named happiness.csv.
Each record of CSV contains these data:
Name of the country String

Population of country Integer

No. people participated in survey Integer

No. of people who are Happy Integer

Write user defined functions to do the following:

(i) Insert records into CSV
(ii) Display records from CSV
(iii) Update records
(iv) Delete record Code:
# Import a module to work with csv import
csv

# a list object to store records h=[]

# A function to create header row, run only once def

header_row():
f=open("happiness.csv",'w',newline='')
wo=csv.writer(f)
wo.writerow(['Country','Population','Participants', 'Happy People'])
print("A CSV file with header is created...")
f.close()

# A function to insert a record def insert_rec():

with open('happiness.csv','a',newline='') as f:
country=input("Enter name of country:")
population=float(input("Enter Population (In Billion):"))
participants=float(input("Enter no. of participants (In Million):"))

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happy=float(input("Enter no. of people who are happy (In Million):"))
h=[country, population, participants, happy] wo=csv.writer(f)
wo.writerow([country,population,participants,happy])
print("Record inserted...")

# A function to display records def

display_rec(): with
open('happiness.csv','r',newline='') as f:
ro=csv.reader(f)
for i in ro:
print(i)

# Update a record def update_rec():

c=input("Enter country to update records:")
updated_row=[] flg=False with
open('happiness.csv','r') as f:
ro=csv.reader(f)
for i in ro: if

i[0]==c:

flg=True
population=float(input("Enter Population (In Billion):"))
participants=float(input("Enter no. of participants (In Million):"))
happy=float(input("Enter no. of people who are happy (In Million):"))

i[1]=population i[2]=participants i[3]=happy

updated_row.append(i)
if flg==True:
with open('happiness.csv','w',newline='') as f:
wo=csv.writer(f)
wo.writerows(updated_row)
print('Record Updated...') else:
print('Record not found...')

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# Delete Record def delete_rec():
c=input("Enter country to update records:")
deleted_row=[] flg=False with
open('happiness.csv','r') as f:

ro=csv.reader(f)
for i in ro: if
i[0] != c:

flg=True
deleted_row.append(i) if flg==True:
with open('happiness.csv','w',newline='') as f:
wo=csv.writer(f)
wo.writerows(deleted_row)
print('Record Deleted...') else:
print('Record not found...')

# Main Menu while

True:
print('''

1. Create header row (Excute at once)

2. Insert country record

3. Display happiness record

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4. Update Record

5. Delete Record

6. Exit

''')
ch = int(input('Enter your choice:'))
if ch==1:

header_row()
elif ch == 2:

insert_rec()
elif ch == 3:

display_rec()
elif ch == 4:

update_rec()
elif ch == 5:

delete_rec()
elif ch == 6:

print("Bye Bye, Thank you for Interactions")

break
else:
print("Invalid Choice")
Output: Main Menu

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 Create header row (Execute at Once)

Insert Country Record

Display Record

Update Record

Delete record

14. Write a menu drive program for stack operations:

Code:
def check_stack_isEmpty(stk):
if stk==[]:
return True
else:
return False

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s=[] # An empty list to store stack elements, initially its
empty top = None # This is top pointer for push and pop
operation def main_menu(): while True:
print("Stack
Implementation") print("1 -
Push") print("2 - Pop")
print("3 - Peek") print("4 -
Display") print("5 - Exit")
ch = int(input("Enter the your choice:")) if ch==1:
el = int(input("Enter the value to push an element:"))
push(s,el) elif ch==2:
e=pop_stack(s)
if e=="UnderFlow":
print("Stack is
underflow!") else:
print("Element popped:",e) elif
ch==3:
e=pop_stack(s)
if e=="UnderFlow":
print("Stack is underflow!")
else: print("The element on top
is:",e) elif ch==4: display(s)
elif ch==5: break else:
print("Sorry, You have entered invalid option")

def push(stk,e):
stk.append(e) top = len(stk)-
1 def display(stk): if
check_stack_isEmpty(stk):
print("Stack is Empty") else:

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 top = len(stk)-1
print(stk[top],"-Top") for i
in range(top-1,-1,-1):
print(stk[i]) def
pop_stack(stk): if
check_stack_isEmpty(stk):
return "UnderFlow" else:
e = stk.pop() if
len(stk)==0: top =
None else: top =
len(stk)-1 return e def
peek(stk): if
check_stack_isEmpty(stk):
return "UnderFlow" else:
top = len(stk)-1
return stk[top]
main_menu()

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Output:
Main Menu

Push Element

Pop Element

Peek Element

Display Stack

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15. Write a program to Push an item into stack where a dictionary
contains the details of stationary items as follows:
stn = {“Shirt”:700,”T-Shirt”:750,”Jeans”:1150,”Trouser”:400}
(a) Write a function to push an element into stack for those
items names whose price is more than 850. Also display the
count of elements pushed into the stack.
(b) Write a function to pop an element to remove the element
and display appropriate message when the stack is empty.
Code: stn
= {} while
True:
item=input("Enter itemname:")
price=float(input("Enter Price:"))
stn[item]=price ch=input("Press
X to stop:") if ch in 'xX':
break

def Push(stk,ele):
stk.append(ele) return
stk

def Pop(stk):
if stk==[]:
return "underflow"
else: return
stk.pop() stak=[] c=0
for i in stn: if
stn[i]>35:
Push(stak,i)
c+=1
print("Total Stack elements are:",c)

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while True:
if stak!=[]:
print(Pop(stak))
else:
print("Stack is Empty")
break
Output:

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 Part B – MySQL Queries
Chapter 11 – Simple Queries in SQL
Set 1 – Based on Database Basic Commands Write
SQL Commands for following:
1. Create a database named practical_2025 Ans.: mysql>
CREATE DATABASE practical_2025;

2. Check database is present or not in the list of databases

Ans.: Mysql> show databases;

3. Open a database
Ans.: mysql>use practical_2025

4. Create a database temp

Ans.: mysql> create database temp;

5. Delete a database temp Ans.: drop database temp;

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 Set 2 – Based on DDL Commands
Consider the following MOVIES table and write the SQL commands based on it.
Movie_ID MovieName Type ReleaseDate Produc9onCost BusinessCost
M001 Dahek Ac9on 2022/01/26 1245000 1300000
M002 AHack Ac9on 2022/01/28 1120000 1250000
M003 Looop Lapeta Thriller 2022/02/01 250000 300000
M004 Badhai Do Drama 2022/02/04 720000 68000
M005 Shabaash Mithu Biography 2022/02/04 1000000 800000
M006 Gehraiyaan Romance 2022/02/11 150000 120000
1. Create above table, assign Movie_ID as a primary key and insert records as

above mysql> CREATE TABLE Movies ( Movie_ID VARCHAR(5) PRIMARY KEY,

MovieName VARCHAR(50),
Type VARCHAR(20),
ReleaseDate DATE,
ProductionCost INT,
BusinessCost INT );

INSERT INTO Movies (Movie_ID, MovieName, Type, ReleaseDate,

ProductionCost, BusinessCost) VALUES
('M001', 'Dahek', 'Action', '2022-01-26', 1245000, 1300000), ('M002',
'Attack', 'Action', '2022-01-28', 1120000, 1250000),
('M003', 'Looop Lapeta', 'Thriller', '2022-02-01', 250000, 300000),
('M004', 'Badhai Do', 'Drama', '2022-02-04', 720000, 68000),
('M005', 'Shabaash Mithu', 'Biography', '2022-02-04', 1000000, 800000),
('M006', 'Gehraiyaan', 'Romance', '2022-02-11', 150000, 120000);

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2. Show the structure of table mysql> desc movies;

3. Add a column named collecDon with decimal data type with structure 12, 2
mysql> alter table movies add column collec9on decimal(12,2);

4. Change the data type of movie_id to varchar

mysql> alter table movies modify column movie_id varchar(4);
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Table Affected:

5. Rename a column MovieName to MName mysql> alter table movies rename

moviename to mname;

6. Delete a column collec9on

mysql> alter table movies drop column collec9on;

Set 3 – Select queries including order by

1. Display the movie name, type, releasedate and total cost of all movies
mysql > select mname, type, releasedate, produc9oncost +
businesscost as 'total cost' from movies;
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2. Display all details of ac9on and thriller movies mysql> select * from
movies where type in ('ac9on','thriller');

3. Display movie name, types and releasedate of all movies released in

the month of February, 2022
mysql > select mname, type, releasedate from movies where releasedate
between '2022-02-01' and '2022-02-28';

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4. Display the details of mov ies whose name ends with leHer k.
mysql > select * from movies where mname like '%k';

5. Display the details of movies which is not released yet

mysql > select * from movies where releasedate is null;

6. Display the movie name type release date and produc9on cost in the
descending order of produc9on cost
mysql> select mname, type, releasedate, produc9oncost from movies order by
produc9oncost desc;

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Set 4 – Group by, having and aggregate funcDons
1. Display the number of movies for each type
mysql> select type, count(*) from movies group by type;

2. Display the number of unique movies

mysql> select count( dis9nct type) from movies;

3. Display the maximum produc9on cost for each movie type

mysql> select type, max(produc9oncost) from movies group by type;

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4. Display the date of movies released latest mysql> select
max(releasedate) from movies;

5. Display the average business cost of movies for each type Mysql>
select type, avg(businesscost) from movies group by type;

6. Display the type and number of movies for each type where movie
type is more than two
mysql> select type, count(*) from movies group by type having count(*)>2;

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Set 5 – Join Queries
Create two tables as follows and write given queries below: Table
- arDst

Table – Song

1. Display the cartesian product of ar9st and song tables: mysql

> select * from ar9st, song;

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2. Display the records of ar9st and song using equijoin.

mysql > select * from ar9st, song where ar9st.ar9st_id=song.ar9st_id;

3. Display the records of ar9st and song tables using natural join.

mysql > select * from ar9st natural join song;

4. Display ar9st name, label and songs of sony music company.

mysql > select ar9st_name, label_owner , name from ar9st, song where
ar9st.ar9st_id=song.ar9st_id and label_owner='sony music';

5. Display ar9st name, song name from ar9st and song which song starts with ‘p’.
mysql > select ar9st_name, name from ar9st a, song s where a.ar9st_id =
s.ar9st_id and s.name like ‘p%’;

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 Part C – Python & MySQL Connectivity Programs
Chapter 14 – Interface Python with MySQL
1. Write a program to connect with mysql database and insert a record into
database.
Code: import mysql.connector
as my
cn=my.connect(host='localhost',user='root',passwd='root',database
='practical_2025')
cur=cn.cursor()
aid=int(input("Enter Artist ID:"))
aname=input("Enter Artist Name:")
lbl=input("Enter Label:") cur.execute("insert
into artist
values({},'{}','{}')".format(aid,aname,lbl))
cn.commit()
print("Record Inserted...")
cn.close() Output:

2. Write a program to connect with mysql database and update a record into
database.
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 Code:
import mysql.connector as my
cn=my.connect(host='localhost',user='root',passwd='root',database
='practical_2025')
cur=cn.cursor()
aid=int(input("Enter Artist ID:"))
aname=input("Enter Artist Name:") lbl=input("Enter
Label:")
cur.execute("update artist set artist_name='{}',label_owner='{}'
where artist_id={}".format(aname,lbl,aid)) cn.commit()
print("Record Updated...")
cn.close()
Output:

3. Write a program to connect with mysql database and delete a record into
database.

48
Code: import mysql.connector as my

cn=my.connect(host='localhost',user='root',passwd='root',database

='practical_2025') cur=cn.cursor()

aid=int(input("Enter Artist ID to delete:"))

cur.execute("delete from artist where

artist_id={}".format(aname,lbl,aid))

cn.commit() print("Record Deleted...")

cn.close() Output:

Table:

49
4. Write a program to connect with mysql database display record of par9cular
label under the ar9st is working.
Code:
import mysql.connector as my

cn=my.connect(host='localhost',user='root',passwd='root',database

='practical_2025')

cur=cn.cursor()

lbl=input("Enter Label:")

cur.execute("select * from artist where label_owner='{}'".format(lbl))

dt=cur.fetchall()

for i in dt:

print(i)

cn.close()

Output:

50