Solutions

Determinants and Matrices

 x3 (2) + x6 (12) = 10
Classwork Questions
 6x6 + x3 – 5 = 0
Minors and cofactors of a 3 3  5 3
1

 (x + 1) (6x – 5) = 0  x = –1,  
determinant, Evaluation of a 6
determinant using properties
x 3 7
1.  = (–1) 3+1
(6 – 6) = 0 6. 2 x 2 =0
 = (–1) 2+2
(–3 + 6) = 3 7 6 x
  +  = 3, which satisfies the equation Applying R1  R1 + R2 + R3, we get
x2 – 5x + 6 = 0 x9 x9 x9
2 x 2 =0
2. If the value of an nth order determinant is , then
7 6 x
the value of the determinant formed by the
cofactors of correseponding elements of the 1 1 1
given determinant is given by c = n – 1  (x + 9) 2 x 2 = 0 … (i)
Given that n = 3,  = 24 7 6 x
 c = (24)3 – 1  (x + 9) [1(x2 – 12) – 1(2x – 14) + 1(12 – 7x)] = 0
= 576  (x + 9) (x2 – 9x + 14) = 0
7i 5i 1  (x + 9) (x – 7) (x – 2) = 0
3. x+iy= 5 5i 1  The other two roots are x = 2, 7.
23 5 i Remark:
7i 1 1 We observe, in (i), x = 7 makes C1 and C3, and
= (–5i) 5 1 1 x = 2 makes R1 and R2 proportional. This
23 i i observation reduces a lot of effort.

= (–5i) (0) 7. Substituting  = 0, we get

…[as C2 and C3 are identical] 0 1 3
 x + iy = 0  x = 0, y = 0 t = 1 2 4
3 4 0
2 3 3
= 1(–12) + 3(4 + 6) = 18
4. 3λ 2λ 1 = –16 5
3   2 λ 1 1 1 1
Simplifying, we get 8. n
C0 n 1
C0 n2
C1 = –4
n n 1 n2
C1 C1 C1
– 4 – 6 – 6 = –16 5
1 1 1
 –16 = –16 5   = 5
 1 1 n2 = –4
x x 1 x
2 3 n n 1 n  2
5. Given that, 2 x 4 x 1  8 x3
2
= 10 Applying C2  C2 – C1 and C3  C3 – C2 ,
3 x 9 x 2 1  27 x 3 1 0 0

x x2 1 x x2 x3
1 0 n 1 =–4
n 1 1
 2x 4x2 1 + 2x 4x2 8 x3 = 10
3x 9 x 2 1 3x 9 x 2 27 x 3  – (n + 1) = – 4  n = 3

1 1 1 1 1 1 9. Three numbers can be expressed as

x 3
2 4 1 + x
6
2 4 8 = 10
49 k1 = 100 a + 10 b + c
49 k2 = 100 p + 10 q + r
3 9 1 3 9 27
49 k3 = 100 l + 10 m + n.
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JEE (Main): Maths

C3  100 C1 + 10 C2 + C3 1 1 1
13. , , are pth, (2q)th, (3r)th of an A.P. with
a b 49 k1 x y z
  p q 49 k2 common difference d.
l m 49 k3 Given determinant
  is divisible by 49. 1 1 1
x y z
sin  1 sin  = xyz p 2q 3r
10. f () = 1 sin  1 . 1 1 1
 sin  1 sin 

= sin  (sin2  + 1) – 1 (– sin  + sin ) a  ( p  1) d a  (2q  1) d a  (3r  1) d

+ sin  (1 + sin2 )  xyz p 2q 3r
= 2 sin  (1 + sin2 ) 1 1 1
0  sin2   1  1  1 + sin2   2 R1  R1  a R3 , R2  R2  R3 and taking d
 2  2(1 + sin2 )  4 common from R1
 –2  2sin  (1 + sin2 )  4 p  1 2q  1 3r  1
… [as –1  sin   1] = xyzd p  1 2q  1 3r  1
 –2  f ()  4 1 1 1

11. Given, tan (A + B) + tan C = 0 = 0.

 tan (A + B) = – tan C 1 1 1
 tan (A + B) = tan (n – C) 14. Let  = 1 1   2
2 ,  : a complex
 A + B = n – C 1 2
4 cube root of unity
 A + B + C = n 1 1 1
sin  A + B + C  sin B cos C = 1 1  2 2 … [3 = 1  4 = ]
  sin B 0 tan A 1 2 
cos  A + B   tan A 0
Applying C1  C1 + C2 + C3, we get
sin n sin B cosC 3 1 1
=  sin B 0 tan A  = 0 1  2 2 ... [1 +  + 2 = 0]
cos  n C   tan A 0 0 2 
0 sin B cos C = 3(– – 3 – 4)
=  sin B 0 tan A = 3[–(1 + 2) – ]
 cosC  tan A 0 = 3[– (–) – ] ... [1 +  + 2 = 0]
=0 = 3( – 1)
a b aα  b 7 2 1
12. b c bα  c = 0 15. Let  = 8 6  4 ,  is a 9 th root of
a α  b bα  c 0 3   5 unity ( 9  1)
Applying R3  R3 – R1 – R2, we get By taking 3,  common from C1, C2
a b a  b respectively, we get
b c b  c =0 4  1
0 0   a  2b  c 
2
 = 3.  5 5 4
1 1 5
 a{– c (a2 + 2b + c)}
– b{– b (a2 + 2b + c)} = 0 Applying C1  C1  C2, we get
 (b2 – ac) (a2 + 2b + c) = 0  4   1
4
 b2 = ac or a2 + 2b + c = 0 = 0 5 4
 a , b , c are in G.P. 0 1 5

22
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Determinants and Matrices

= 4(4  ) (  4) ...[9 = 1] Applying R2  R2 – R1, R3  R3 – R1, we get
=   (3  1)2 0 c2 b2
=  6 (6  23 + 1)  = (–2) b 2
a2 0
=  3 + 2  6 = 2  ( 1) c2 0 a2
=3
= (–2) [–c2 (a2b2) + b2 (–a2c2)]
p b c
= (–2) (–2a2b2c2)
16. a q c =0 = 4a2b2c2
a b r
x4 2x 2x
R1  R1  R2 , R2  R2  R3 give 20. Let D = 2x x  4 2x
pa bq 0
2x 2x x4
0 qb cr =0
Applying C3  C3 – C2, C2  C2 – C1, we get
a b r
x4 x4 0
 (p  a) (q  b) r  b (c  r) (p  a) D= 2x x  4 x4
+ a (b  q) (c  r) = 0
2x 0 x  4
Dividing by (p  a) (q  b) (r  c), we get
r b a = (x – 4) (–x – 4)2
  0 – (x + 4) [2x (– x – 4) – 2x (x + 4)]
rc qb pa
= (x – 4) (x + 4)2 – (x + 4) [(x + 4) (– 4x)]
r  b   a  = (x + 4)2 (x – 4 + 4x)
  1   1  2
r c  qb  pa = (x + 4)2 (5x – 4)
p q r = (– 4 + 5x) [x – (– 4)]2
   2
pa qb r c  (A, B) = (– 4, 5)
17.  1≤x<0[x]=1 21. Applying C1  C1 + C2 + C3, we get
0≤y<1[y]=0 1  x  a 2  b2  c 2  2 
1  b  x 1  c  x 2 2

1≤z<2[z]=1
f ( x)  1  x  a  b  c  2  1  b x 1  c  x
2 2 2 2 2

0 0 1
Given determinant =  1 1 1 1  x  a  b  c  2  1  b  x 1  c x
2 2 2 2 2

1 0 2 1 1  b  x 1  c  x
2 2

= 1 (0  ( 1) ) = 1
= 1 1  b x 1  c  x
2 2
=[z]
r r 1 r  2 1 1  b  x 1  c x
2 2

18. f (r) = r  1 r r2 … [ a2 + b2 + c2 + 2 = 0 (given)]

r 1 r 1 r
Applying R2  R2  R1, R3  R3  R1, we get
 f (r) = r (– r + 2) – (r – 1) ( –2r – 2)
+ (r – 2) (–1 – r)
1 1  b  x 1  c  x
2 2

 f (r) = 3r f (x) = 0 1 x 0
20 20 0 0 1 x
  f (r ) = 3  r
r 1 r 1  f (x) = (1  x)2,
20  (20  1) which is a polynomial of degree 2.
=3 = 630
2
Evaluation of special
b2  c2 a2 a2 determinants, multiplication of
19. Let  = b2 c2  a2 b2 determinants, Factor theorem
c2 c2 a  b2
2

cos A sin A 0 cos P cos Q cos R

Applying R1  R1 – (R2 + R3), we get
1.  = cos B sin B 0 sin P sin Q sin R
0  2c 2 2b 2
cos C sin C 0 0 0 0
 = b2 c2  a2 b2
=0
c2 c2 a2  b2
2. A+B+C=
0 c2 b2  A =  – (B + C)  sin A = sin (B + C)
= (–2) b 2 c  a2
2
b2 B =  – (C + A)  sin B = sin (A + C)
c2 c2 a2  b2 C =  – (A + B)  sin C = sin (A + B)
3
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JEE (Main): Maths

Given determinant xa b c d
sin (A + A) sin (B + A) sin (C + A) a xb c d
7. Consider P (x) =
= sin (A + B) sin (B + B) sin (C + B) a b xc d
sin (A + C) sin (B + C) sin (C + C) a b c xd
sin A cos A 0 cos A cos B cos C The substitution x = 0 makes four rows
proportional.
= sin B cos B 0 sin A sin B sin C
 x3 is a factor.
sin C cos A 0 0 0 0
C1  C1 + C2 + C3 + C4 gives x + a + b + c + d
=0 is a factor.
2
Clearly P (x) is a 4th degree polynomial.
a1 a2 a3 a1 a2 a3 a1 a2 a3 P (x) = kx3 (x + a + b + c + d)
3. b1 b2 b3 = b1 b2 b3 b1 b2 b3 Comparing coefficient of x4, we get k = 1
c1 c2 c3 c1 c2 c3 c1 c2 c3  P (x) = x3 (x + a + b + c + d)
1 0 0  P (1) = required determinant
=1+a+b+c+d
= 0 1 0
0 0 1
8. Substitution x = 1 makes n rows proportional
 (x  1)n  1 is a factor.
 as ai 2  bi 2  ci 2  1,  C1  C1 + C2 + … + Cn gives x + n  1
…  
 ai a j  bib j  ci c j  0(given)  a factor
=1  Given determinant = k (x  1)n  1 (x + n  1)
Comparing coefficient of xn , we get k = 1.
a1 a2 a3
 n  1 = 11  n = 12
 b1 b2 b3 =  1  (k, n) = (1, 12)
c1 c2 c3
9. | z1 | = a, | z2 | = b, | z3 | = c
a b c
3 1  f (1) 1  f (2) 3 3 3
c a b = 0  a + b + c – 3abc = 0
4. 1  f (1) 1  f (2) 1  f (3)
b c a
1  f (2) 1  f (3) 1  f (4)
 (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca) = 0
3 1     1  α2  β2 | z1 | = a etc. and z1 , z2, z3 are non zero
= 1    β 1   2   2 1  α 3  3 a+b+c ≠ 0
1   2  β 2 1  3  β3 1   4  β 4  a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca = 0
1
1 1 1 1 1 1  [(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2] = 0
2
= 1 α β 1 α 
a=b=c
1  2
β 2
1  2
β2
 | z1 | = | z2 | = | z3 |
 The vertices representing z1 , z2 and z3 are
 k (1 – )2 (1 – )2 ( – )2
equidistant from the origin.
= [(1 – ) (1 – ) ( – )]2  The circumcentre must be at the origin.
k=1
a2  b  c 
2
a2 bc
α β γ 1 = b b c  a
2
10. 2 2
ca …(i)
5. β γ α is a circulant, which is equal to c 2
c 2  ( a  b) 2 ab
γ α β
C2  C2 – 2C3 gives
3     3  3  3
a2 a2  b2  c2 bc
=  ( +  + ) (2 + 2 + 2      ) 1 = b 2 b2  c2  a 2 ca
=  ( 1) ( ( +  + )2  3 ( +  + ) ) c2 c2  a 2  b2 ab
= ( 1)2  3 (p) = 1  3p
a2 a2 bc a2 b2  c 2 bc
6. Replacing x by a, four rows become proportional = b2 b2 ca – b 2 c2  a2 ca
 (x – a)3 is a factor. c2 c2 ab c2 a2  b2 ab
C1  C1 + C2 + C3 gives x + 3a is factor
 m = 1, n = 3  | m – n | = 2 =0
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Determinants and Matrices

a 2  b2  c2 b2  c2 bc  (2c – 1) (c + 1)2 = 0
1 = – a 2  b 2  c 2 c2  a2 ca 1
c= , –1
a 2  b2  c2 a2  b2 ab 2
1
 1 has a factor a2 + b2 + c2  The greatest value of c is .
2
Replacing a by b, in (i), makes two rows 5. Given equations
proportional.  (2 – ) x1 – 2x2 + x3 = 0
 1 has a factor (a – b) 2x1 – (3 + ) x2 + 2x3 = 0
Similarly (b – c) and (c – a) are factors of 1. –x1 + 2x2 – x3 = 0
1 is a 6th degree polynomial in a, b, c For non-trivial solution
1 has one more linear factor in a, b, c 2λ 2 1
 1 = k2 (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2) 2 3  λ  2 =0
Comparing coefficient of, say a5 b, k = 1 1 2 λ
  (2 – ) { (3 + ) – 4} + 2(–2 + 2)
 1 = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2)
2 + 1{4 – (3 + )} = 0
 (2 – ) (2 + 3 – 4) –5 – 5 = 0
Homogeneous, Non-homogeneous  (2 – ) ( – 1) ( + 4) – 5( + 1) = 0
system of linear equations  ( – 1)2 ( + 3) = 0
1. The given system of equations has infinitely   = 1, 1, –3
many solutions.    {1, – 3}
1 a 0 1 1 1
 0 1 a =0 6. 1 a 1 =0
a 0 1 a b 1
 1(1) – a(0 – a ) = 0 2 Applying C2  C2 – C1 and C3  C3 – C2 ,
 1 + a3 = 0 1 0 0
 a = –1 1 a 1 1  a =0
2. The given system of equations has a non-zero a b  a 1 b
solution, if  (a – 1) (1 – b) – (1 – a) (b – a) = 0
 1 1  (a – 1)2 = 0 a=1
1  1 =0 For a = 1,
1 1  First two equations are identical i.e. x + y + z = 1
To have no solution with x + by + z = 0, we
 (2 + 1) – 1(– + 1) + 1(1 + ) = 0 must have b = 1
 3 + 3 = 0 7. The given system of equations will have no
 (2 + 3) = 0 solution, if   0
=0 2 1 2
3. The given system has non-trivial solution if,  1 2   0
1 λ 1 1  1
λ 1 1 =0
 2( 2   2 ) + 1(1   ) + 2(  + 2) = 0
1 1 λ
 2 2    1 = 0
 1( + 1) –  (–2 + 1) –1 ( + 1) = 0   2  1   1  0
  (2 – 1) = 0
1
  = 0, 1, –1    1,
2
4. The given system of equations has non-trivial 2 1 2
1 c c 1  4 2 
solution, if c 1 c =0 4  1
c c 1
2 2 2
= 2( 2   2 ) + 1( 4  4 ) + 2( 4 + 8)
 1 (1 – c ) + c (–c – c ) – c (c + c) = 0 = 2 2  12 + 8
 1 – c2 – c2 – c3 – c3 – c2 = 0 1
 2c3 + 3c2 – 1 = 0  0 for   1,
2
 (2c – 1) (c2 + 2c + 1) = 0  The set S contains exactly two elements.
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JEE (Main): Maths

1 1 1 12. For  ABC,
8.  2 3 2  a2  3 a = b cos C + c cos B
2 3 a 1
2
b = c cos A + a cos C … (i)
c = a cos B + b cos C
2 1 1
(Projection Rule)
1  5 3 2  a 2  a +1
a +1 3 a  1
2
(i) represents homogeneous system of equations
in a, b, c.
For a  3 ,   0 but 1  0 To have a non trivial solution,  = 0
The given system of linear equations is 1 cos C cos B
inconsistent when a  3 . where  = cos C  1 cos A
cos B cos C 1
9. The given system of equations does not have
unique solution. 13. Adding (i) and (ii), we get y = 0.
1 1 1 From (ii), z = 3x.
 1 2 3 =0 Substituting these values in x2 + y2 + z2  100,
1 2  we get x2  10
Applying C1  C1 – C2, C2  C2 – C3, we get   10  x  10
0 0 1 x is an integer  x =  3,  2,  1, 0
1 1 3 = 0  There are 7 points with integer coordinates.
1 2   
Applications of determinants
 –1 (2 – ) – 1 = 0
 –2 +  – 1 = 0 1. Let P = (cos , sin ) y
=3 Q = (cos , sin )
R = (cos , sin )
10. The given system of equations will have a non-
Q P (cos , sin )
zero solution, if   0
2 2a a x
 2 3b b  0
2 4c c
Area of PQR =
R
1 cos  sin 
Applying R 2  R 2  R1,R 3  R 3  R1 , we get 1
1 cos  sin  … (i)
2 2a a 2
1 cos  sin 
0 3b  2a b  a  0 Rotate PQR by angle  in anticlockwise direction.
0 4c  2a c  a  Area in this position =
 2  3b  2a  c  a    b  a  4c  2a    0 1 cos ( ) sin (  )
1
 2ac  ab  bc  0 1 cos () sin () which is same as
2
2 1 1 1 1 1 1 cos (  ) sin (  )
    , , are in A.P.
b a c a b c given in (i)
 Given determinant is independent of .
11. The given system of equations will have a non-
1 k 3 2. Let A be the area of the triangle. Then
zero solution, if 3 k 2 = 0 x1 y1
1
2 4 3 a a x1 y1 a
1 x2 y2 1
 k = 11 A= 1 = x2 y2 b
2 b b 2abc
x + 11y + 3z = 0 …(i) x3 y3
x3 y3 c
3x + 11y – 2z = 0 …(ii) 1
c c
2x + 4y – 3z = 0 …(iii)
x1 y1 2a 2a x1 y1
Adding (i) and (iii), we get 1 1
x = –5y = x2 y2 2b = 2b x2 y2
4abc 4abc
Substituting x = –5y in (i), we get z = –2y x3 y3 2c 2c x3 y3


xz
=
 5 y  2 y  = 10 y 2
= 10 1 abc 1
=  
y2 y2 y2 4 abc 2 8

66
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Determinants and Matrices

Types and algebra of matrices,  x2   px 2 qx 2 rx 2 
Trace of a matrix, Matrix    
6. AB =  1   p q r =  p q r 
multiplication by a scalar or by a  2x   2 px 2qx 2rx 
   
matrix
tr (AB) = px2 + 2rx + q
1. | A | = (3 – x) (–4 – 4x + x + x2 + 4) tr (C) = (x + 1)2 + x + 3x2
– 2 (–2 – 2x + 2) + 2(–8 + 8 – 2x) = 4x2 + 3x + 1
= (3 – x) (x2 – 3x) + 4x – 4x Given that, tr (AB) = tr (C)
= (x2 – 3x) (3 – x) px2 + 2rx + q = 4x2 + 3x + 1
For A to be singular 3
| A | = 0  x = 0, 3, 3  p = 4, r = ,q=1
2
x = 0, 3  [–1, 3]
3
 f (x) = 4x2 – x +
2   4  1   4  1  13 3  2
2. A =    3  =   9  2
 3 1   1    13
 f (–1) =
Also | A | = (– 4) (1) – (3) (– 1) = –1 2

| A2018 – 2A2017 – A2016 |

Let A = 
a b
= | A2016 (A2 – 2A – I)|
7.  , where a, b, c, d  {0, 1}
c d 
= | A |2016
Statement (P) :
13 3   8 2   1 0 
 9 2    6 
2   0 1 
If A  I2 and A  0, then
  
A = 
1 0
or 
1 1
or 
0 1
or 
1 1
or 
20 5 0 1
2016
= (–1)     
15 5 1 1  0 1 1 0  1 0  1 1
= 1 (–100 + 75) =  25  The possible values of A are 1 and  1.
 Statement (P) is false.
3.  det  A n  = det (A1) + det (A2) + …
n 1
Statement (Q) :
If A  1 and A  0, then
1 1 1 1
A = 
1 0
or 
1 1
or 
1 0
= 3 4
+ 9 16 +…   
1 1 1 1 1 1  0 1 0 1 
4 3 16 9  tr (A) = 2
1 1 1 1  Statement (Q) is true.
=    +  2  2 +…
 9 16  9 16 
8. A + B = 2BT …(i)
1 1  1 1 
=  2  2  ...  –   2  ...   AT + BT = 2B
9 9   16 16 
A T  BT
1 1 B=
2
1 1
= 9 + 16 = + A T  BT
1
1
1
1 8 15 A + = 2BT … [From (i)]
9 16 2
23 3BT  A T
= A=
120 2
Also, 3A + 2B = I3 …(ii)
4. A is an involutory matrix, if A2 = I. or, 3AT + 2BT = I3 …(iii)
(I  A) (I + A) = I  A2  3BT  A T   A T  BT 
=O 3  +2   = I3 … [From (ii)]
 2   2 
 1 2 2   1 2 2   11BT – AT = 2I3 …(iv)
1   1 
2 
T
5. AA = 2 1 2   2 1 From (iii) and (iv), we get
3  3  35BT = 7I3
  2 2 1   2 2 1 
I3 I
9 0 0 1 0 0  BT =  B = 3  5B = I3
1  5 5
= 0 9 0  =  0 1 0 
9  and A =
I3
 5A = I3
 0 0 9   0 0 1  5
 A is orthogonal.  10A + 5B = 2I3 + I3 = 3I3
7
 

JEE (Main): Maths

3 3 3 1 1 1 13. AAT = 9I
9. A =  3 3 3  = 3 1 1 1
 
1 2 2  1 2 a 1 0 0
 3 3 3   1 1 1    2 1 2   2 1 2  = 9  0 1 0 
   
 a 2 b   2 2 b   0 0 1 
1 1 1 1 1 1
 A2 = 9  1 1 1   1 1 1   9 0 a  4  2b 
 1 1 1   1 1 1    0 9 2a  2  2b 
 a  4  2b 2a  2  2b a 2  4  b 2 
3 3 3
= 9  3 3 3  9 0 0
 3 3 3  =  0 9 0 
 0 0 9 
= 9A … (i)
 A = (A2)2 = (9 A)2
4
 a + 4 + 2b = 0 and 2a + 2  2b = 0
= 81 A2  a + 2b = 4 and 2a  2b = 2
= 81 (9 A) … [From (i)]  a =  2 and b = 1
= 729 A
a b c
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 14. Let M =  x y z  . Then,
10. Here, A2 =  0 0 1   0 0 1  = 0 0 0
   l m n 
 0 0 0   0 0 0   0 0 0  0   1   b   1 
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 M  1    2  y  
    
 2 
 
A B =  0 0 0   1 0 0  =  0 0 0 
2    
 0   3   m   3 
 0 0 0   0 1 0   0 0 0 
 b = 1, y = 2, m = 3
…(i)  1   1   a b  1
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 M  1    1  
   x y  = 1
BA2 =  1 0 0   0 0 0  =  0 0 1     
 0   1   l  m   1
 0 1 0   0 0 0   0 0 0 
 a  b = 1, x  y = 1, l  m = 1
…(ii)
 a = 0, x = 3, l = 2
From (i) and (ii), we get
1 0  a b  c   0 
0 1 0
M  1    0
    x y  z =  0 
A B + BA =  0 0 1  = A
2 2     
 1   12   l  m  n   12 
 0 0 0 
a + b + c = 0, x + y + z = 0, l + m + n = 12
 cos x  sin x 0   cos y  sin y 0   c = 1, z = 5, n = 7
11. f ( x )  f ( y )   sin x cos x 0   sin y cos y 0   Sum of diagonal elements of M
 0 0 1   0 0 1  =a+y+n
=0+2+7=9
cos x cos y  sin x sin y  cos x sin y  sin x cos y 0 
  sin x cos y  cos x sin y  sin x sin y  cos x cos y 0   2α + 1 3   α + 3 2  2 
15.  0 =  
 0 0 1   2  5   0 6 
 cos  x  y   sin  x  y  0   2 + 1 =  + 3   = 2
=  sin  x  y  cos  x  y  0  3 = 2 + 2  2 – 3 + 2 = 0
 0 0 1    = 1, 2 … (i)
and 2 – 5 = –6  2 – 5 + 6 = 0
 f (x) f (y) = f (x + y)
  = 2, 3 … (ii)
12. A2 = O From (i) and (ii), we get  = 2
 2 2  2 2 0 0  Thus,  = 2,  = 2
    =  
 a b   a b  0 0  Let x1 and x2 be the roots of the required
equation. Then
 4  2a 4  2b  0 0 
  2 
=   x1 =  +  = 4
 2a  ab 2a  b  0 0  x2 =  = 4
 4 + 2a = 0, 4 + 2b = 0, The equation is given by,
2a + ab = 0, 2a + b2 = 0 x2 – (x1 + x2)x + x1x2 = 0
 a = 2, b = 2  x2 – 8x + 16 = 0
88
 

Determinants and Matrices

 cos   sin    cos   sin    16 9   2 3 
16. A2 =  3A2 + 12A = 3   + 12  4 1 
 sin  cos    sin  cos    12 13   
 cos 2   sin 2  2sin  cos    48 27   24 36 
=  =  + 
 2sin  cos   sin   cos  
2 2 
 36 39  
 48 12 
 cos 2   sin 2    72 63 
=  = 
 sin 2  cos 2    84 51 
A4 = A2. A2  51 63 
 Adj (3A2 + 12A) =  
 cos 2   sin 2    cos 2   sin 2    84 72 
=    
 sin 2  cos 2    sin 2  cos 2  
2. A (adj A) = AAT
 cos 4   sin 4  
=    5a b   2 b   5a b   5a 3 
 sin 4  cos 4     =
 3 2   3 5a   3 2   b 2 
.
 10a  3b 0   25a 2  b 2 15a  2b 
.    
 0 3b  10a   15a  2b 13 
.
 cos32   sin 32    15a – 2b = 0 … (i)
A32 = 
 sin 32  cos32   and 10a + 3b = 13 … (ii)
From (i) and (ii), we get
 cos32   sin 32    0 1 
 sin 32  cos32   =  1 0  2
    a= , b = 3  5a + b = 2 + 3 = 5
5
 cos32  = 0
and sin32  = 1 a 0 0
 3. | A | = 0 a 0 = a (a2) = a3
 32  = 2n +
2 0 0 a
n  T
= + ,nZ  a2 0 0   a2 0 0 
16 64    
 adj A =  0 a2 0  =  0 a2 0 
For n = 0,
 0 0 a 2   0 0 a 2 
  
=
64  | adj A | = a2 (a4) = a6
 | A | | adj A| = a3  a6 = a9
1 0 0
17. AT + A =  0 1 0  Aliter:
 0 0 2  | A | | Adj A | = | A  Adj A | = | | A | I | = | A |3
= (a3)3 = a9
 cos α sin α 0   cos α  sin α 0 
   sin α cos α 0  +  sin α cos α 0 
 
4. B = A1  AB = I
 0 0 1   0 0 1  
1 0 0   1 1 1   4 2 2 10 0 0
=  0 1 0    2 1 3   5 0     0 10 0 

 0 0 2   1 1 1   1 2 3   0 0 10 

 2cos α 0 0 1 0 0 10 0 5    10 0 0 

  0 2cos α 0  =  0 1 0    0 10   5   0 10 0 
 0 0   5  0 0 10 
 0 0 2   0 0 2 
1   5   = 0,   5 = 0,  + 5 = 10
 2 cos  = 1  cos  =   = 2n 
2 3 
Adjoint of a matrix and inverse of cos   sin 
a matrix 5. A   cos 2   sin 2   1
sin  cos 
 2 3  a b 1 1 d b 
1. A=  If A =   , then A   a 
, A  0.
4 1   c d  A  c
 2 3   2 3   16 9   cos  sin  
A2 =  =  A 1   
 4 1   4 1  
 12 13    sin  cos 

9
 

JEE (Main): Maths

 cos  sin    cos  sin   Functions of matrices and Cayley
  A 1   
2
  Hamilton theorem
  sin  cos    sin  cos  
 cos 2   sin 2  cos .sin   sin .cos  0 3
  1. Given, A =  
  sin .cos   cos .sin   sin 2   cos 2   0 0
 cos 2 sin 2  0 3 0 3 0 0
  A 1   
2
 A2 = AA =     = 0 0 = O
  sin 2 cos 2  0 0 0 0  
cos 2 sin 2 cos  sin   A2 = A3 = A4 = … A23 = O
 A 1    sin 2 cos 2  sin  cos 
3
f (A) = I + A + A2 + … + A23
  
1 0 0 3 0 0
 cos 3 sin 3  =   + 0 0 + 0 0 + …
 A 
1 3
  0 1    
  sin 3 cos 3
1 3
. =  
0 1
.
 | f (A) | = 1
.
 cos 50 sin 50  1 0 0
  A 1   
50
 2. |A| 0 1 1 = 6  0 … (i)
  sin 50 cos 50
0 2 4
 3 1 
   A1 exists.
A   50
 
2
 1
2 
6 0 0
T
6 0 0 

3
adj A =  0 4 2  =  0 4 1  … (ii)
12
 
 2 2 
 0 1 1   0 2 1 
6. BBT = (A–1 AT) (A–1 AT) T From (i) and (ii), we get
= (A–1 AT) ((AT)T (A–1) T ) 6 0 0 
… [as (AB)T = BT AT] 1 
A1 = 0 4 1 
= (A–1 AT) (A(A–1) T ) 6 
 0 2 1 
= A–1 (AT A) (AT)–1
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 
= A–1 (AAT) (AT)–1
A2 =  0 1 1   0 1 1  =  0 1 5 
= (A–1A) (AT) (AT)–1
 0 2 4   0 2 4   0 10 14 
= I. I
=I A2 + cA + d I
1 0 0  c 0 0  d 0 0
7. M2 N2 (MTN)1(MN1)T =  0 1 5  +  0 c c  +  0
   d 0 
 M2 N2 (N1 (MT)1) (N1)T MT  0 10 14   0 2c 4c   0 0 d 
 M2 N ((MT)1 (NT)1) MT
1 c  d 0 0 
= M2 N ((M)1 (N)1) (M) =  0 c 1 d 5c 

… [as MT = M, NT = N]
 0 10  2c 14  4c  d 
= M (MN) (NM)1 M
6A1 = A2 + cA + d I
= M (NM) (NM)1 M
 6 0 0  1 c  d 0 0 
… [as MN = NM (given)]
  0 4 1    0 c 1 d 5c 

=  M.I.M =  M2
 0 2 1   0 10  2c 14  4c  d 
8. Given matrix has no inverse if | A | = 0  1 + c + d = 6, c  1 + d = 4, 5 + c = 1,
x 1 x x 1  10  2c = 2, 14 + 4c + d = 1
A  2 1 3  c =  6 and d = 11
x3 x2 x7 Aliter:
= (x – 1) {–1 (x + 7) – 3 (x – 2)} 6A1 = A2 + cA + d I
– x {2 (x + 7) – 3 (x + 3)}  6I = A3 + cA2 + dA
+ (x + 1) {2 (x – 2) + (x + 3)}  A3 + cA2 + dA  6I = O … (i)
= (x – 1) (– 4x – 1) – x (– x + 5) + (x + 1) (3x – 1) 1  0 0
= – 4x2 – x + 4x + 1 + x2 – 5x + 3x2 – x + 3x – 1 |AI|= 0 1  1
=0 0 2 4  
 For infinitely many values of x, the given = (1  ) (2  5 + 4 + 2)
matrix has no inverse. =  3 + 62  11 + 6
10
 

Determinants and Matrices

| A   I | = 0  3  62 + 11   6 = 0 3. Applying R2  R2 – R1, R3  R3 – R2, we get
Cayley Hamilton theorem gives ab a  2b a  3b
A3  6A2 + 11 A  6I = O … (ii) a  2b a  3b a  4b
(i) and (ii)  c =  6, d = 11 a  4b a  5b a  6b
a  b a  2b a  3b
Miscellaneous
= b b b
2 2b 2b 2b
1. x +x+1=0
1  3i a  b a  2b a  3b
x  x   or 2
2 =2 b b b
Consider, x   b b b
1 1 1 1 1 1 = 2 (0) … [as R2  R3]
1  1 
A 1  2   1  2  =0
3 3
1    1 2  
2 4

x!  x  1!  x  2 !
1 1 1  1 1 1 4. Let  =  x  1!  x  2 !  x  3!
1
 A  1 
2
2  1  2   x  2 !  x  3 !  x  4 !
3
1 2   1 2  
= x! (x + 1)! (x + 2)! 
1 0 0  1 1 1
= 0 0 1  x 1 x2 x3
0 1 0 
 x  1 x  2   x  2  x  3  x  4  x  3
1 0 0  Applying C2  C2 – C1, C3  C3 – C1, we get
 A 4  0 1 0  = I  = x! (x + 1)! (x + 2)!
0 0 1  1 0 0
 A  A 
31

4 7
A A
3 3 x 1 1 2
 x  1 x  2  2  x  2  4 x  10
Homework Questions = x! (x + 1)! (x + 2)! (4x + 10 – 4x – 8)
= 2x! (x + 1)! (x + 2)!
x r q 5. Given equation is an identity which is true for
1. r x p =0 all x.
q p x Substituting x = 1 on both sides, we get
 x (x + p2) – r (– rx – pq) – q (rp – qx) = 0
2 2 2 1
 x3 + x (p2 + q2 + r2) = 0 4 3 0 = a – 12
6 1 1
 x  x 2   p 2  q 2  r 2   = 0
 2(3 – 0) –2 (4 – 0) –1(4 – 18) = a – 12
 x = 0, x =  i p 2  q 2  r 2  12 = a – 12
 a = 24
2. Taking x common from R2 and x (x – 1) from
R3, we get 6. Let P (x) be the polynomial represented by the
1 x x 1 given determinant.
f (x) = x2 (x – 1) 2 x 1 x 1 0 1 3
3 x 2 x  1  e = P (0) = 1 0 4
3 4 0
Applying C2  C2 + C1,
= –12 + 12 = 0
1 x  1 x 1
f (x) = x2 (x – 1) 2 x  1 x  1 7. Substituting x = 0 in the given identity, we get
3 x 1 x 1 1 1 3
2
= x (x – 1) (0) …[as C2 and C3 are identical] 1 2 1 = e
 f (x) = 0 1 3 4
 f (100) = 0  e = 1(11)  1(3)  3(5) = 29
11
 

JEE (Main): Maths

ab bc ca Applying R3  R3 + R2, we get
8. 1 = b  c c  a a  b a b c
n+2
ca ab bc 1 2b  1 1 [1 + (1) ]=0
Applying C1  C1 – C2 – C3, we get 0 4b 0

2c bc ca  [ a (4b) + c (4b) ] [1 + (1)n + 2] = 0

1 = 2a c  a a  b  b (a + c) [1 + (1) n + 2] = 0
2b a  b b  c  1 + (1) n + 2 = 0 … [as b(a + c)  0]
 n is an odd integer
c bc ca
= (–2) a c  a a  b b2  c2 ab ac
b ab bc 11. Let  = ab c2  a2 bc
ac bc a  b2
2

Applying C2  C2 – C1, C3  C3 – C1, we get

c b a a  b2  c2  a 2b a 2c
1
1 = (–2) a c b = ab 2 b  c2  a2  b 2c
abc
b a c
ac 2 bc 2 c  a 2  b2 
Applying C3  C1, we get By taking a, b and c common from C1, C2 and
a b c C3 respectively, we get
1 = 2 b c a = 22 b2  c2 a2 a2
c a b abc
= b2 c  a2
2
b2
abc
c2 c2 a2  b2
1 2sin  1
Applying R1  R1 + R2 + R3, we get
9.  = cos  1 2sin 
2  b2  c2  2  c2  a 2  2  a 2  b2 
1 cos  1
= b2 c2  a2 b2
= –1 (1 – 2sin  cos ) – 2sin
c 2
c 2
a  b2
2

(cos  – 2sin ) + 1 (cos2  – 1)

= 3 sin2  – 1 b2  c2 c2  a2 a 2  b2
 max = 3  1 – 1 = 2 =2 b 2
c a
2 2
b2
c2 c2 a 2  b2
a a 1 a 1 a 1 b 1 c 1
Applying R2  R2  R1, R3  R3  R1, we get
10. b b  1 b  1  a  1 b 1 c 1  0
b2  c2 c2  a2 a 2  b2
c c 1 c 1 (1) a (1) n 1 b
n2
 1
n
c  = 2  c2 0  a2
By interchanging rows and columns in 1st  b2  a2 0
determinant we get Applying R1  R1 + R2 + R3, we get
a b c a 1 b 1 c 1
0 c2 b2
a  1 b  1 c  1  ( 1) a  1 b  1 c  1  0
n
 = 2  c2 0  a2
a 1 b 1 c 1 a b c
 b2  a2 0
Applying R1  R3, R2  R3 in 2nd determinant = 2[– c2(– a2b2) + b2(c2a2) ] = 4a2 b2 c2
we get Comparing with the given condition, we get
a b c a b c k=4
n2
a  1 b  1 c  1  (1) a 1 b 1 c 1  0
a 1 b 1 c 1 a 1 b 1 c 1 2r  1 m
Cr 1
a b c 12. r = m2  1 2m m 1
 a  1 b  1 c  1 [1 + (1)n+2] = 0 sin 2  m 2  sin 2  m  sin 2  m  1
a 1 b 1 c 1 m m m

  2r  1  m
Cr 1
Applying R2  R2  R1, R3  R3  R1, we get m
r 0 r 0 r 0

a b c   r = m2  1 2m m 1
sin 2  m 2 
r 0
sin 2  m  sin 2  m  1
n+2
1 2b  1 1 [1 + (1) ]=0
1 2b  1 1

12
 

Determinants and Matrices

2i 4i 6i 
m2  1 2m m 1 e 9
e 9
e 9

= m2  1 2m m 1 a1 a2 a3 8i  10 i  12 i 
17. a6 =
sin  m  a4 a5 e 9
e 9
e 9
2 2
sin  m  sin  m  1
2 2
14 i  16 i  18 i
a7 a8 a9
e 9
e 9
e 9
 m m

… 

  2r  1 = m2 – 1, 
r 0 r 0
m
Cr  2m 
 2i 4i 6i

m
e 9
e 9
e 9

 
r 0
r 0 ... [as R1  R2]
= e9
6i
e
2i
9
e
4i
9
e
6i
9

14 i  16 i 

13. C1  C1 + C2 + C3 gives e 9
e 9
e 2 i
scab a b
= 0.
scab sa b
scab a sb pa qb rc
18. qc ra pb
1 a b rb pc qa
= 3s 1 s  a b
= pa (qra2 – p2bc) – qb (q2ac – prb2)
1 a sb + rc (pqc2 – r2ab)
R2  R2 – R1, R3  R3 – R1 = pqra3 – p3bca – q3bac + prb3q
+ pqrc3 – r3abc
1 a b
= pqr (a3 + b3 + c3) – abc (p3 + q3 + r3)
= 3s 0 s 0
= pqr (3abc) – abc (3pqr)
0 0 s … [as p + q + r = 0, p3 + q3 + r3 = 3pqr,
= 3s3 a + b + c = 0, a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc]
=0
1 tan  1
x 1 1
14. f () =  tan  1 tan 
19. 1 y 1 = x (yz – 1) – 1(z – 1) + 1 (1 – y)
1  tan  1
1 1 z
 f () = 2sec2  2 = xyz – (x + y + z) + 2
 The range of f is [2, ). A. M. ≥ G. M
x y  z 1
≥  xyz  3
15. Applying C1  C1 + C2 – 2C3, we get 3
1
2 2 2 2  2  22 2 2  x + y + z ≥ 3  xyz  3 … (i)
1 1 1 = 0 1 1 The value of determinant is non-negative.
1 1 0 0 1 0  xyz – (x + y + z) + 2 ≥ 0
 xyz + 2 ≥ (x + y + z)
0 2 2 1

= 0 1 1 ≥ 3 ( xyz ) 3
1
0 1 0  xyz – 3  xyz  3 + 2 ≥ 0
1
… [ 1 +  + 2 = 0] Let  xyz  3 = t  xyz = t3
=0  t3 – 3t + 2 ≥ 0
 (t + 2) (t – 1)2 ≥ 0 … [From (i)]
16. Applying R1  R1 – R2, R2  R2 – R3, we get 1
 t ≥ –2   xyz  ≥ –2 3

1 a a 2  bc 0 a b  a  b  a  b  c   xyz ≥ –8
1 b b 2  ac = 0 b  c  b  c  a  b  c 
1 c c 2  ab 1 c c 2  ab 20. Applying C1  C1 + C2, we get
sin 2 x cos 2 x 1 1 cos 2 x 1
1 abc cos 2 x sin 2 x 1 = 1 sin 2 x 1
= (a – b) (b – c)
1 abc 10 12 2 2 12 2
=0 =0 … [as C1  C3]
13
 

JEE (Main): Maths

n Substituting x = a , x = b we get
 2.3
j 1
j1
α 3n 1
 (a) =  a + 
n n  (b) =  b + 
21. S j =  4.5 j 1
 5n  1
b  (a )  a  (b)
j 1 j 1 = … (iii)
n ba
 6.7
j 1
j 1
 7 n 1
Substitute x = a , x = b in (i) to get
 (a) = (p1  a) (p2  a)  (pn  a) = P (a)
2 1  3  32  ...  3n  1   3n  1 and  (b) = (p1  b) (p2  b)  (pn  b) = P (b)
= 4 1  5  52  ...  5n 1   5n  1 which reduces (iii) to
a P (b )  b P ( a )
6 1  7  7 2  ...  7 n  1   7 n 1 µ= =  (0)
a b
= required determinant.
2  3n  1
 3n  1
3 1 a x ax x2
4  5n  1 24. f (x) = a  3 x a3 x x4 = , say
=  5n  1 a5x a5 x 1
5 1
6  7 n  1 ax ax x2
 7n  1
7 1  f ( x) = a 3 x a 3x x4 =
a5 x a5x 1
3n  1 α 3n  1
= 5n  1 β 5 n  1  f ( x) + f (x) = 0 and f is an odd function.
7 n 1 γ 7 n  1  The graph of y = f (x) is symmetric about
d4 f
=0 … [ C1 and C3 are identical] the origin, and , at x = 0, is 0.
dx 4
sin  cos  sin 
25. The substitution a = b makes two rows proportional
22. f () = cos  sin  cos 
 (a – b) is a factor.
0 0 sin   cos 
Similarly (b – c), (c – a) are factors.
… [R3  R3  R2]
= (sin  – cos ) (sin2  – cos2 ) The substitution x = y makes two columns
= (sin  – cos )2 (sin  + cos ) proportional.
= (1 – sin 2) (sin  + cos )  (x – y) is a factor.
f () = 0  sin 2 = 1 or tan  = –1 Similarly (y – z) and (z – x) are factors.
 3 Clearly given determinant is 6th degree
 – , polynomial in a, b, c, x, y, z.
2 4
f    Given determinant
= cos  + sin , = k (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (x – y) (y – z) (z – x)
1  sin 2
An appropriate term gives k = 2.
the range of which is   2, 2  .
f  
Aliter:
= 1 – sin 2, 1  2ax  a 2 x 2 1  2ay  a 2 y 2 1  2az  a 2 z 2
cos   sin 
  1  2bx  b 2 x 2 1  2by  b 2 y 2 1  2bz  b 2 z 2
which has minimum value 0 and maximum
value 2. 1  2cx  c 2 x 2 1  2cy  c 2 y 2 1  2cz  c 2 z 2

p1  x ax ax  ax 1 2a a 2 1 1 1

bx p2  x ax  ax = 1 2b b 2 x y z
23. Let  ( x)  b  x bx p3  x  ax 1 2c c 2 x2 y2 z2

   = 2 (a – b) (b –c) (c – a) (x – y) (y –z) (z – x)
bx bx bx  pn  x
a a x a a x
… (i)
26. Given determinant = b b y b b y
R2  R2  R1 , R3  R3  R1 etc. give  (x) as a
b b y c c z
linear polynomial.
Let  (x) =  x +    (0) =  … (ii) =0
14
 

Determinants and Matrices

27. Let  = the given determinant S4 =  (4)
1 0 0 0 = ( (2) )2  2  ()2
α a1 x  b1 b1 x  c1 c1 x  d1 = 36 p2  2 [ (  )2  2  () () ]
= = 36 p2  2 [9 p2  2 (   ( + )
β a2 x  b2 b2 x  c2 c2 x  d 2
 a3 x  b3 b3 x  c3 c3 x  d3 +   ) ]
2 2
= 18 p + 4 (   ( ) +    )
We choose , ,  judiciously.
= 18 p2
Let  = a,  = a2,  = a3
3 0 6p
C2  C2 – x C1
1 x 0 0 (i)  0  6 p  3q
a1 b1 b1 x  c1 c1 x  d1  6 p  3q 18 p 2
=
a2 b2 b2 x  c2 c2 x  d 2 = (  )2 (  )2 (  )2
a3 b3 b3 x  c3 c3 x  d3   (  ) =  108 p3  27 q2
2

=  27 (q2 + 4 p3)
1 x x 2
x3

a b1 c1 d1 31. Given determinant can be written as product of

= 1 two determinants as
a2 b2 c2 d2
a3 b3 c3 d3 1 α α2 1 1 1
4 2α α 2 2 4 6 = –72
a1 c1 d1
9 3α α 2 1 4 9
 The coefficient of x = a2 c2 d 2
a3 c3 d3 1 1 1 1 1 1
Remark:  ( . 2) 4 2 1 2 4 6 = – 72
The method gives the coefficient of x2, x3 too, 9 3 1 1 4 9
without evaluating the determinant. … [Taking  from C2 and 2 from C3]
3
28. Let  = the given determinant.  ( ) (–2) (4) = –72
The minors of b, c, d are 0, so b, c, d have no  3 = 9
role to play.   (2 – 9) = 0   = 0, 3, –3
  depends on a alone.  1 1
Remark: We can replace b, c, d by any other
32.  = 1  1
numbers as they do not contribute to
. 1 1 
Replace b, c, d by a2, a, a2 respectively. Then 2
= ( – 1) – 1( – 1) + 1(1 – )
substitution a = 1 makes four rows proportional. = 3 – 3 + 2
 (a  1)3 is a factor. = ( + 2) ( – 1)2
Similarly (a + 1)3, (a  i)3, (a + i)3 are factors.  1 1 1
The given determinant = (1  a4)3. 1 =   1  1
x  2  1  1 1 
29. Let  =  2 1  x 1 1 1
1 x   2 = (  1) 1  1
C1  C1 + C2 + C3 gives x + 1 +  +  a factor 2 1 1 
of . 2
= (  1) [1(  1)  1(  1) + 1(1  )]
1 +  + 2 = 0  x is a factor of . = (  1) (2  2 + 1)
If x = 0 then  = 0. = (  1)3
2 For  = 2,  = 0, but 1 ≠ 0
S0 S1 S2 1 1 1  The given system of equations has no
30. S1 S2 S3     … (i) solution for  = –2.
S2 S3 S4 2 2 2
33. x + 8y + 7z = 0 …(i)
S0 = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3 , S1 = 0 9x + 2y + 3z = 0 …(ii)
2
S2 = ( )  2    = 0  2 (3 p) =  6p x+y+z=0 …(iii)
S3 =  3 = ( ) ( 2    ) + 3  From (ii) and (iii), we get
= 0 ( 2    ) + 3 ( q) y = 6x
 S3 =  3q, Let x =   y = 6
15
 

JEE (Main): Maths

From (i), Squaring on both sides, we get
 + 8(6) + 7z = 0  z = –7 x1 y1 2
2

According to given condition, 2

16A = 2
x y2 2 … (i)
a = , b = 6, c = –7 x3 y3 2
(a, b, c) lies on x + 2y + z = 6
Also, area of triangle is
  + 2(6) – 7 = 6
A = s  s  a  s  b  s  c  , … (ii)
=1
 a = 1, b = 6, c = –7 1
where s = (a + b + c)
 2a + b + c = 2 + 6 – 7 = 1 2
1 1
34. The given system of equations has a non-trivial s–a= (a + b + c) – a  s – a = (b + c – a)
2 2
solution. 1 1
sin3 1 1 s – b = (a + b + c) – b  s – b = (a + c – b)
2 2
 cos 2 4 3 = 0 1 1
2 7 7
s  c = (a + b + c)  c  s – c = (a + b – c)
2 2
 sin 3(7) + 1(7cos 2  6) + 1(7cos 2  8)  A2 =
 a  b  c  1 1
 (b + c – a)  (a + c – b)
 7 sin 3 + 14cos 2  14 = 0 2 2 2
 sin 3 + 2cos 2  2 = 0 1
 (a + b – c) … [From (ii)]
 3 sin 4 sin3 + 2  4 sin2   2 = 0 2
 sin (4 sin2  + 4 sin   3) = 0  16A2 = (a + b + c)  (b + c – a)  (a + c – b)
 sin  (2 sin  + 3) (2 sin   1) = 0  (a + b – c)
2
1 x1 y1 2
 sin  = 0 or sin  =
2  x2 y2 2
 x3 y3 2
  = n or  = n + (1)n
6 = (a + b + c)  (b + c – a)  (a + c – b)
35. Given system is a homogeneous system having  (a + b – c) … [From (i)]
infinitely many solutions. 37. Let the common ratio be r.
 The given system has non-trivial solutions. Then, x2 = rx1, x3 = r2x1, y2 = ry1, y3 = r2y1
2 4 λ Area of triangle formed by given points
 4 λ 2 =0 x1 y1 1
1
λ 2 2 = x2 y2 1
2
 2(2 – 4) – 4 (8 – 2) –  (8 –  ) = 0 2 x3 y3 1
 3 + 4 – 40 = 0 x1 y1 1
1
which is a cubic equation which has at least one = rx1 ry1 1
2
real root. … (i) r 2 x1 r 2 y1 1
3
Let f () =  + 3  40. 1 1 1
 f  () = 32 + 3 > 0  f is increasing. =
1
x1y1 r r 1
 f () = 0 has at most one real root. … (ii) 2
r2 r2 1
(i) and (ii)  f () = 0 has one real root.
1
= x1 y1(0) … [as C1  C2]
36. Let A be the area of the triangle. Then 2
x1 y1 1 =0
1  The given points are collinear.
A= x2 y2 1
2
x3 y3 1 38. Q = [bij], where bij = 2i + j aij
x1 y1 1 b 11 b12 b13
 4 A = 2 x2 y2 1  | Q | = b21 b22 b23
x3 y3 1 b31 b32 b33
x1 y1 2 22 a 11 23 a12 24 a13
 4 A = x2 y2 2 = 23 a21 24 a22 25 a23
x3 y3 2 24 a31 25 a32 26 a33

16
 

Determinants and Matrices

a 11 2a12 22 a13 0   1 0  1  
2 3 4
42. A+I=  +  = 
=2 2 2 a21 2a22 22 a23 0 0  0 1  0 1 
a31 2a32 22 a33 1   1   1 2 
(A + I)2 =    =
0 1  0 1  0 1 
a 11 a12 a13
9
=2 22 2
a21 a22 a23 1 2  1   1 3 
(A + I)3 =  0 1  = 0 1 
a31 a32 a33 0 1     
= 212 | P | ⁝
 | Q | = 212  2 = 213 1 50 
(A + I)50 = 
0 1 
 3 1   3 1
     1 50  0  
 (A + I)50  50A =   50 
39. P=  2 2  , PT =  2 2
0 1  
0 0 
 1 3   1 3
    a b  1 0 
 2 2   2 2     =  
c d  0 1 
1 0
PPT = PT P =   =I  a = 1, b = 0, c = 0, d = 1
0 1 a+b+c+d=1+0+0+1=2
PT Q2015 P = PT  PAP T 
2015
P = A2015 43. Given, 2A + B – C = O
 4 2 2   1 2 3 
 1 1  1 1 1 2
A2 =     = 0 1  C = 2A + B =  6 4 0    2 3 1 
 0 1  0 1    2 6 2   3 2 0 
 1 2   1 1 1 3
A3 =     = 0 1  5 4 1 
 0 1   0 1    C =   4 1 1 
 1 2015   1 8 2 
 A2015 = 
0 1  tr (C) = (5 + 1 + 2) = 8,
 1 2015  tr (A) = (2 + 2 + 1) = 5,
 PT Q2015 P = 
0 1  tr (B) = (1 – 3 + 0) = – 2
tr (A) + tr (B) – tr (C) = 11
40. PT = 2P + I 44. Let A = 
a b 
,
 (PT)T = (2P + I)T c d 
 P = 2PT + I Given that,
 P = 2(2P + I) + I 1  1
A   =   …(i)
 3P + 3I = O P+I=O  1 2
P=I  PX =  IX a b   1   1
     = 2
 PX =  X  c d   1  
a  b   1
1 3 2 1    = 2
c  d   
41. Given equation, 1 x 1  0 5 1   1  = O
 0 3 2   x   a – b = –1 …(ii)
c–d=2 …(iii)
1 1 1    1  1 
Also, A2   =    A  A    =  
 1 5 x  6 x  4  1  = O  1 0    1   0 
 x 
 1 1 
A   =   … [From (i)]
 1 + 5x + 6 + x2 + 4x = O 2 0 
 x2 + 9x + 7 = 0 a b   1 1 
The co-efficient of x2 > 0      = 0 
c d   2   
 Graph is upward parabola.  – a + 2b = 1 …(iv)
9  53 and – c + 2d = 0 …(v)
x=  Both the roots of (i) are
2 (ii) and (iv)  a = –1, b = 0
negative. (iii) and (v)  c = 4, d = 2
 The parabola cuts ve x-axis at two distinct 1 0
det (A) = = –2
points. 4 2

17
 

JEE (Main): Maths

 0 c b   a 2 ab ac   p q  1 1  1 1   p q 
         
45. AB =  c 0 a   ab b 2 bc   r s  1 0  1 0   r s 
 b  a 0   ac bc c 
2
 p  q p  p  r q  s
  
0 0 0  rs r   p q 
=  0 0 0 
 p + q = p + r, p = q + s, r + s = p and r = q
 0 0 0 
 r = q and s = p  q
 det (AB) = 0
p q 
A=  
 i i  i i  1
2   q p  q
46. A2 =     = 
0 i 0 i 1 
 0
 1 2   1
2   1 4  51. (MTAM)T = MTATM
A4 = A2. A2 =  
 0 1   0
1   0 1  = MTAM … [as A = AT]
1 4 1 4 1 8 MTAM is a symmetric matrix.
A8 = A4. A4 =   0 1 = 0 1
 0 1      52. A is an upper triangular matrix.
Similarly,
 | A | = 5    5 = 25
 1 16 
A16 = A8. A8 =  Given, | A2 | = 25
0 1 
 | A |2 = 25  (25)2 = 25
 1 32 
A32 = A16. A16 =   1 1
0 1   2 = ||=
25 5
47. A2 + B2 = A.A + B.B
= A(BA) + B(AB) 53. Given,
… [ AB = B, BA = A (given)]  1 0 0
P   4 1 0  10
= (AB)A + (BA)B = BA + AB
 16 4 1 
=A+B
 1 0 0  1 0 0  1 0 0
3   
P  4 1 0  4 1 0 
2   8 1 0 
48. 3 2 0 A  2 = 3 2 0  16 4 1   16 4 1   16(1  2) 8 1 
 0 
 1 0 0
 1 P3   1 0 
2 2   3
12
   2 1 1   2   16(1  2  3) 12 1 
 1  4  3   0 
Similarly,
 3
=  1 4 4  2   
 1 0 0  1 0 0
 0   
0  =  84 1 0 
n
P =  4n 1
=3+8+0=5  16n(n  1) 
 4n 1   3696 84 1 
 0   0   2 0  2 
49. H2 =     =  2
 0   0  0    4n = 84  n = 21
 0   0 3 0 
2
H3 =     =  3
54. AA–1 = I
 0   0   0  
2

 2 1 
= 
1 0   0 3 
 =I  1 2 3 
3
 1 0 0 
0 1  1 5
 H70 = (H3)23.H = (I)23 H = IH = H   1 1 2   2

  0 1 0
 


3 3
 1 a 4     0 0 1 
 1 0 c 
 p q
50. Let A =   be a matrix which commute  
r s
1 1   1 2 3   0 2 1  1 0 0
1 
with matrix B =   . Then,
1 0 
 1 1 2   6 1 5  = 0 1 0
3   
AB = BA  1 a 4   3 0 c   0 0 1 

18
 

Determinants and Matrices

 3 0 9  3c   1 0 0    A1 (adj (adj A) ) = | A |2  I
1 
  0 3 6  2c    0 1 0  … [as | adj A | = | A |n1]
3
 6a  12 2  a 1  5a  4c   0 0 1    A1 (adj (adj A) ) = 2 I
   A1 (adj (adj A) ) = I
 1 0 3  c  Given, A1 (adj (adj A) ) = kI
  1 0 0 
2    k=
  0 1 2  c   0 1 0 
 3 
  0 0 1  59. | A | = 1 + tan2 x
 2a  4 2  a 1  5a  4c  
1 1  1  tan x 
 3 3  A–1 = adj A =
|A| 1  tan 2 x  tan x 1 
 –3 + c = 0 c=3
a+c=5  1  tan x 
and 2a – 4 = 0 a=2

 1  tan x   1  tan x
2
1  tan 2 x 
55. (A) (6B) = (A) (6A–1)  A T A 1    
 tan x 1   tan x 1 
 (A) (6B) = 6AA–1  
 1  tan 2 x 1  tan 2 x 
 (A) (6B) = 6I
 1 0 1   4 k 2  6 0 0  cos kx  sin k x 
 
  0 2 3   3 0 3  =  0 6 0   sin kx cos kx 
 1 2 1   2 2 2   0 0 6   1  tan 2 x  2 tan x 
 
1  tan 2 x 1  tan 2 x 
6 k  2 0  6 0 0 = 
 2 tan x 1  tan 2 x 
 0 6 0  =  0 6 0   
 1  tan x 1  tan 2 x 
2

0 k  2 6   0 0 6 
–k+2=0k=2  cos kx  sin k x   cos 2 x  sin 2 x 
  = 
 sin kx cos kx   sin 2 x cos 2 x 

1 2 0
k=2
56. | A | = 1 1 2 = 13 ≠ 0
2 1 1 60. Given that,
1
 A exists. A2 – 5A + 7I = O
adj (adj A) = (det A)32 A  A2 – 5A = –7I
…[as adj (adj A) = | A |n2A] Multiplying both sides by A1,
= 13  A A2 A–1 – 5AA–1 = –7IA–1
| (adj (adj A)) | = 13(13)3 = (13)4  A(AA–1) – 5AA–1 = –7IA–1
 AI – 5I = –7A–1
57. F ()  F ()
1
 cos   sin  0   cos()  sin() 0   A–1 = (5I – A)
7
=  sin  cos  0   sin () cos() 0 
 0 0 1   0 0 1  61. Given that, | 8 (adj A) | = 8
 cos   sin  0   cos  sin  0   83 | adj A | = 8
=  sin  cos  0    sin  cos  0  … [as | k (adj A) | = k3 | adj A |]
 0 0 1   0 0 1  1
 | adj A | =
82
1 0 0
1
=  0 1 0  = I  | A |3 – 1 = … [as | adj A | = | A |n – 1]
64
 0 0 1 
2 1 1
 [F ()]1 = F () |A| = |A|=
64 8
Similarly, [G ()]1 = G ()
[F ()  G ()]1 = [G ()]1  [F()]1 62. | adj A | = | A |n – 1, n=3
= G () F ()  | adj A | = | A |2
3 1 1
58. A(adj A) = | A |  I 2
Replacing A by adj A, we get  15 6 5 = | A |
(adj A) (adj(adj A)) = | adj A | I 5 2 2
 A1  | A | (adj (adj A) ) = | adj A | I  3 (12 – 10) + 1 (–30 + 25) + 1(30 – 30)
 1  = | A |2
…  A 1  (adjA) 
 |A|   6 – 5 = | A |2  | A | = 1 or –1
19
 

JEE (Main): Maths

 8 2 2   8 2 2
10
  f(x) =  3x = 3  x
10 10

63. (AB) (AB) =  2 5 4   2 5 4

 
x 1 x 1 x 1

  2 4 5    2 4 5  (10)(10 +1)
=3
2
 8 2 2
= 165
= 9  2 5 4 
  2 4 5  1 1 1
= 9 AB 2. Let  1 1   2
2
 A (AB) (AB) = 9 A 1 (AB)
1
1 2 4
 I (BA) B = 9 I B
 is a complex cube root of units.
 BA = 9 I
9 0   3 = 1, 4 =  and 1 +  + 2 = 0
=   1 1 1
0 9 
= 1  2
1 λ 3 1  2

64. | A – I | =
2 2λ
C1  C1 + C2 + C3
 f () = | A – I | = (1 – ) (2 – ) – 6
3 1 1
= 2 – 3 – 4
2  = 1    2
 2
 3 9
= λ   – – 4 1    2
2 
 2 4
 3
2
25 3 1 1
 f () =  λ   – = 0  2 …[ 1 +  + 2 = 0]
 2 4
25 3 0 2 
 f () has minimum value – at  =
4 2 = 3(2 – 4) – 1(0) + 1(0)
25 3
µ= – ,k= = 3(2 – ) …[ 3 = 1  4 = ]
4 2
 25 3   19    = 3( – 1)
[µ+k]=    =    = –5
 4 2   4 =3

 a1 a2 a3  3. I + P + P2 + … + Pn = 0 …(i)
 a4 a5 a6  Pre-multiplying with P –1
65. M=  
 a7 a8 a9  P–1 + (P–1  P) + (P–1P) P + … + (P–1 P)Pn – 1 = 0
 
      P–1 + I + P + P2 + … + Pn – 1 = 0
Once a1, a2, a3 are selected then element in   P–1 + I + P + P2 + …+ Pn – 1 + Pn = Pn
can be filled in one way only to make the row  P–1 + 0 = Pn …[From (i)]
sum divisible by 4. P =P–1 n
…(ii)
Similarly all the other places with  are filled in
P–1 = Pn …[Given]
one way.
Each of a1, a2, … , a9 can be filled in 4 ways.  n = n …[From (ii)]
The required number of matrices M = 49. =1

13  2 1  2 1  1 1 
24 5 Numerical Value Type Questions 4. P2 =    =  5 4 
 5 3  5 3  
x x 1 x  2  4 3
P4 = P2.P2 =  
1. f(x) = x +1 x x+2  15 11
x +1 x  1 x  11 8
2 2 2 2 P6 = P4.P2 =  
= x[x – (x + x – 2)] – (x – 1)(x + x – x  40 29 
– 3x – 2) + (x – 2) (x2 – 1 – x2 – x) 5 0 16 8   11 8
= x(–x + 2) – (x – 1)( –2x – 2) 5I – 8P =    =  40 29 
+ (x – 2)(–1 – x) 0 5  40 24   
= –x2 + 2x + 2(x – 1)(x + 1) – (x – 2)(x + 1) P6 = 5I – 8P
= –x2 + 2x + 2x2 – 2 – x2 + x + 2 Given, Pn = 5I – 8P
= 3x n=6
20
 

Determinants and Matrices

 x 1
5. A= 
1 0 
 x 1  x 1  x2  1 x 
 A2 =    
1 0  1 0  x 1
 x2  1 x  x2  1 x 
 A4 =   
 x 1  x 1
 x 2  12  x 2 x  x 2  1  x 
 
 x  x 2  1  x x 2  1 

a11   x 2  1  x 2 , a 22  x 2  1
2

a11 = 109
  x 2  1  x 2  109
2

 x 4  3 x 2  108  0
  x 2  12  x 2  9   0
 x2 = 9
 a22 = x2 + 1 = 10

21