Introduction to information technology
Recommended text book: introduction to computers by Peter Norton 6th edition
Course Outline : Chapters
Introducing computer systems Presenting the internet Interacting with your computer E-mail and Other Internet Services Alternative input devices Video and Sound Processing data Network Basics Data communications The Basics of Information Systems
Chapter 02
Presenting the internet
Internet is a global communication system that connects thousands of individual networks Its an essential part of computer!
History
1969 ARPANET ARPA ..advanced research project agency of U.S department of defense Goal? Survive a nuclear attack or natural disaster like earthquake Secondly allow people in remote areas to share computing resources
Host computers?
The network expanded rapidly and jumped to Europe in 1973 In 1980s NSF joined the group and they establish five supercomputer centers for academic research programs NSF created another network called NSF-net. Together ARPANET, NSF-net and other networks called the internet No commercial traffic allowed
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1n 1990s ARPANET was shut down NSF-net was discontinued in 1995 The commercial internet backbone services replace them
internet major services
The world wide web Electronic email Chat instant messaging Online services and more
The world wide web
This service was created in 1989 to in cooperate billions of documents all stored at different places
How the web works
Hypertext system HTTP protocol A hypertext document or web page is a specially encoded file that uses the hypertext markup language or HTML. Web site? Web severs or internet host computers
Web browsers
A software application designed to find the hypertext document and open it to the users computer
Read and translate the HTML
There are many point-and-click web browsers examples?
URLs
Uniform resource locator it is the global address of documents and other resources on the World Wide Web.
Helper applications
Plug-ins Enhance a browsers functionality Streaming audio and video Sends the file in small chunks Chunks downloaded while others play
Flash
Most commonly used multimedia player made by Macromedia Enables to design or create high quality animation or video that plays directly within the browser.
Using a Browser And The WWW
Browser starts on the home page Navigating the web
Enter a URL in the browser Click a link Links are typically blue underlined words Image maps are picture links
Searching the Web
The two most common Web-based search tools are Directories
Categorize the Internet E.g. yahoo search engine
Search engines
Find sites by keyword E.g. Google
Search techniques
Quote the exact phrase Use the keyword AND,OR and NEAR (these are called Boolean operators) Avoid common words Use the sites advanced tools
E-mail and Other Internet Services
E-mail
Advantages over past communication medium Less expensive Faster to communicate Easy to access Ability to attach data or files Message can be send to multiple people at the same time.
Configuring e-mail
e-mail clients read and send e-mail Need an e-mail program and an Internet connection
Need name of mail server Need username and password
Hotmail and Yahoo are online clients
No configuration needed
Mail server :many mail servers use POP protocol . Listserv system: was the first electronic mailing list software application. the messages sent can be seen by the entire group examples?
Using an email program
e-mail addresses
Unique address Allows sending and receiving Username@isp.com
Listserv
Lists of e-mail addresses Each address gets the e-mail
Advantages of web-based E-mail services
cost :free email accounts are provided by web-based email services example hotmail Easy to use Accessibility :you do not need to log on to your specific ISPs account .
Other features of internet
News
Public bulletin board called news Thousands of topics available Messages are called threads Users can create threads Users can comment on threads Need a news reader program a thread is a sequence of responses to an initial message posting.
NNTP:networknews transfer protocol
Newsgroup domains
News group begins with a domain followed by one or more words example alt.food where alt is the domain see page 82
Many internet newsgroups are there Usenet: many newsgroups are part of a system called Usenet: Usenet is a worldwide distributed Internet discussion system
Features of internet FTP
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Copies files from a remote computer
FTP site often called archives FTP server Public archive server :allows anyone to make copy of their files example Microsoft.com
Many companies host their own ftp sites Examples computer hardware and software companies. One way to find files is through Archie search tools
Other Internet Features
Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
Real time communication system Multi-users with many channels (rooms) Channels are dedicated to a topic All users can read the comments
Instant messaging (IM)
Private, real-time communication Message sent only to listed users Buddy lists contain IM names
Other Internet Services
Online services
Company that offers access by subscription Banks, games and research America Online offers content and Internet Give more examples and discuss
Other Internet Services
Peer-to-peer (P2P) services Peers are both suppliers and consumers of resources, in contrast to the traditional client server model where only servers supply (send), and clients consume (receive).
User computers are connected together No centralized organization Users can communicate directly Example is instant messaging Users can share files
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