Chapter 3

Enumeration

Last modified 1-30-09

Definition
Scanning identifies live hosts and running services Enumeration probes the identified services more fully for known weaknesses Enumeration is more intrusive, using active connections and directed queries Enumeration will usually be logged and noticed

Goals of Enumeration
User account names
to inform subsequent password-guessing attacks

Oft-misconfigured shared resources

for example, unsecured file shares

Older software versions with known security vulnerabilities

such as web servers with remote buffer overflows

Pen-Test Video

Link Ch 3a: Droop's Box: Simple Pen-test Using Nmap, Nikto, Bugtraq, Nslookup and Other Tools by IronGeek

Telnet in Vista and Windows 7

First you need to install Telnet
In Control Panel, Programs and Features, Turn Windows Features on or off, check Telnet Client

Banner Grabbing
Connecting to remote applications and observing the output Simple way, at a command prompt
telnet www.ccsf.edu 80

On the next blank screen type in

GET / HTTP/1.1 Press Enter twice

Making Characters Visible

In Windows XP and Vista, you can't see what you type in the Telnet session Do this:
At a command prompt, type
telnet hills.ccsf.edu 80

Press Enter. Press Ctrl+]. Then type

set localecho

Press Enter twice

Link Ch 3z11

Example Banners
www.ccsf.edu tells you too much

cnn.com is better

Netcat Banner Grabs

Get Netcat for Windows at links Ch 3d, 3d1, 3d2

Banner-Grabbing Countermeasures
Turn off unnecessary services Disable the presentation the vendor and version in banners Audit yourself regularly with port scans and raw netcat connects to active ports

Enumerating Common Network Services

FTP Enumeration, TCP 21 Enumerating SMTP, TCP 25 DNS Zone Transfers, TCP 53 Enumerating TFTP, TCP/UDP 69 Finger, TCP/UDP 79 Enumerating HTTP, TCP 80

FTP Enumeration, TCP 21

CCSF doesn't give away much information FTP is becoming obsolete, see ftp.sun.com FTP passwords are sent in the clear
Don't allow anonymous uploads Turn it off, use secure FTP instead

Googling for FTP Servers

Search for
intitle:"Index of ftp://"

Here's an overly informative HTTP banner

FTP Banner
Here's the corresponding overly informative FTP banner

Enumerating SMTP, TCP 25

SMTP can be enumerated with Telnet, using these commands
VRFY confirms names of valid users EXPN reveals the actual delivery addresses of aliases and mailing lists

Antivirus Note
McAfee antivirus blocks telnets to port 25 "Prevent mass mailing worms from sending mail"

SMTP Enumeration Countermeasures

Disable the EXPN and VRFY commands, or restrict them to authenticated users Sendmail and Exchange both allow that in modern versions

DNS Zone Transfers, TCP 53

Zone transfers dump the entire contents of a given domain's zone files Restricted to authorized machines on most DNS servers now

Enumerating TFTP, TCP/UDP 69

TFTP is inherently insecure

Runs in cleartext No authentication at all Anyone can grab any file Used in routers and VoIP Telephones to update firmware

TFTP Enumeration Countermeasures

Wrap it to restrict access
Using a tool such as TCP Wrappers TCP Wrappers is like a software firewall, only allowing certain clients to access a service Links Ch 3e, 3f

Limit access to the /tftpboot directory Make sure it's blocked at the border firewall

Finger, TCP/UDP 79

Shows users on local or remote systems, if enabled

Useful for social engineering

Countermeasure: block remote access to finger

Enumerating HTTP, TCP 80

Grab banners with netcat or telnet Crawl Web sites with Sam Spade

HTTP Enumeration Countermeasures

Change the banner on your web servers
URLScan for IIS v 4 and later
Link Ch 3h

Microsoft RPC Endpoint Mapper (MSRPC), TCP 135

Remote Procedure Call (RPC) endpoint mapper (or portmapper) service on TCP 135 Querying this service can yield information about applications and services available on the target machine

epdump
Shows services bound to IP addresses It takes some research to interpret the results
Link Ch 3n

rpcdump
On the Backtrack 2 CD Start, Backtrack, Vulnerability Identification, All, RPCDump
Similar confusing results

rpcdump Results

MSRPC Enumeration Countermeasures

Block port 135 at the firewall, if you can
But some Microsoft Exchange configurations require access to the endpoint mapper You can avoid that by using Virtual Private Networks, or Outlook Web Access (OWA) which works over HTTPS

NetBIOS Name Service, UDP 137

NetBIOS Name Service (NBNS) is Microsoft's name service, an alternative to DNS What is Name Resolution?
Suppose you issue a command that refers to a computer by name, such as PING

Name Resolution
Windows needs to change a computer name to an IP address to send data packets Windows uses two naming systems:
DNS (the preferred method) NetBIOS Name Resolution (still used by all versions of Windows)
See link Ch 3v

Standard Name Resolution Methods

Charts from link Ch 3v

Additional Name Resolution Methods

NET VIEW
NET VIEW can list the domains, or the computers in each domain

NBNS over TCP/IP

Normally NBNS only works on the local network segment It is possible to route NBNS over TCP/IP, allowing enumeration from a remote system

Other Tools to Enumerate NBNS

NLTEST and NETDOM can find domain controllers NETVIEWX finds specific services NBTSTAT collects information from a single system NBTSCAN scans a whole range of addresses, and dumps the whole NetBIOS name table
Link Ch 3w

NBTSCAN

Stopping NetBIOS Name Services Enumeration

All the preceding techniques operate over the NetBIOS Naming Service, UDP 137 Block UDP 137 at the firewall, or restrict it to only certain hosts To prevent user data from appearing in NetBIOS name table dumps, disable the Alerter and Messenger services on individual hosts Blocking UDP 137 will disable NBNS name authentication, of course

NetBIOS Session, TCP 139

These are the notorious Null Sessions The Windows Server Message Block (SMB) protocol hands out a wealth of information freely Null Sessions are turned off by default in Win XP and later versions, but open in Win 2000 and NT
They aren't available in Win 95, 98, or Me Link Ch 3x, 3y, 3z00, 3z01

Null Session Against Win 2000

Information Available
Null sessions on Win 2000 and NT provide information about:
Shares User accounts Password policies

DumpSec
Free from link Ch 3z02 Runs on Vista (and earlier Windows)

Registry Enumeration
The Registry can be viewed remotely Requires Administrator privileges by default on Windows servers
You can't do it with null sessions

Gary McKinnon used remote registry access to hack into the Pentagon
Link Ch 3z03

user2sid/sid2user
These utilities can get user account names and SIDs remotely, even if the registry key RestrictAnonymous is set to 1 They can find the Administrator's account name, even if it's renamed, by changing the last 3 numbers of another account's SID to 500
Works against Win 2003, but not Win XP SP2 See link Ch 3z04

All-in-One Null Session Enumeration Tools

Winfo Newer tool:
NBTEnum 3.3 Link Ch 3z15

SMB Null Session Countermeasures

Block TCP 139 and 445 at the router Set the RestrictAnonymous registry key to 1 or 2
HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\LSA

Ensure the Registry Is Locked Down

http://support.microsoft.com/kb/153183 (link Ch 3z16)

SNMP, UDP 161

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is intended for network management and monitoring
Administrators use SNMP to remotely manage routers and other network devices

But it has many security vulnerabilities

See links Ch 3z06, 3z07, 3z08

Community Strings
SNMP is not a very secure protocol. It has a minimal security system called SNMP Community Strings Community strings act like passwords There are three kinds of SNMP Community strings: Read-Only, ReadWrite, and Trap (Trap is rarely used)
But the community strings are often left at obvious defaults like "public" and "private"

Management Information Bases (MIBs)

The MIB contains a SNMP device's data in a treestructured form, like the Windows Registry Vendors add data to the MIB Microsoft stores Windows user account names in the MIB
Image from link Ch 3z07

Data Available Via SNMP Enumeration

Running services Share names Share paths Comments on shares Usernames Domain name

SNMP Enumeration Tools

snmputil from the Windows NT Resource Kit snmpget or snmpwalk for Unix IP Network Browser
Part of the Engineer's Toolset, link Ch 2d

Worse than Enumeration

Attackers who guess the SNMP community string may be able to remotely control your network devices
That can be used for DoS attacks, or other attacks

SNMP Enumeration Countermeasures

Remove or disable unneeded SNMP agents Change the community strings to nondefault values Block access to TCP and UDP ports 161 (SNMP GET/SET) Restrict access to SNMP agents to the appropriate management console IP address

SNMP Enumeration Countermeasures

Use SNMP V3much more secure than V1
Provides enhanced encryption and authentication mechanisms

Adjust Win NT registry keys to make SNMP less dangerous

BGP, TCP 179

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the de facto routing protocol on the Internet Used by routers to help them guide packets to their destinations It can be used to find all the networks associated with a particular corporation
That may give you more targets to attack

A small risk, but there is no countermeasure

Windows Active Directory LDAP, TCP/UDP 389 and 3268

Active Directory contains all user accounts and other information on Windows domain controllers If the domain is made compatible with earlier versions of Windows, such as Win NT Server, any domain member can enumerate Active Directory

Active Directory Enumeration Countermeasures

Filter access to ports 389 and 3268 at the network border Use "Native" domainsdon't allow Win NT4 Domain Controllers

Other Services Vulnerable to Enumeration

Novell NetWare Enumeration, TCP 524 and IPX UNIX RPC Enumeration, TCP/UDP 111 and 32771 rwho (UDP 513) and rusers (RPC Program 100002) NIS Enumeration, RPC Program 100004 SQL Resolution Service Enumeration, UDP 1434 NFS Enumeration, TCP/UDP 2049