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Modulation: By-Sanjay Kumar 0900321088 EN-2 (A)

Modulation is the process of varying a carrier signal in accordance with a modulating signal to transmit information. There are two main types of modulation: analog and digital. Analog modulation varies either the amplitude, frequency, or phase of an analog carrier signal with an analog modulating signal. Digital modulation varies a property of an analog carrier using a digital modulating signal. Amplitude modulation (AM) varies the amplitude of the carrier proportionally to the modulating signal. It is the simplest form of modulation and was used early for radio broadcasting. The modulation index indicates the degree of modulation and is the ratio of the modulating amplitude to the carrier amplitude.

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177 views17 pages

Modulation: By-Sanjay Kumar 0900321088 EN-2 (A)

Modulation is the process of varying a carrier signal in accordance with a modulating signal to transmit information. There are two main types of modulation: analog and digital. Analog modulation varies either the amplitude, frequency, or phase of an analog carrier signal with an analog modulating signal. Digital modulation varies a property of an analog carrier using a digital modulating signal. Amplitude modulation (AM) varies the amplitude of the carrier proportionally to the modulating signal. It is the simplest form of modulation and was used early for radio broadcasting. The modulation index indicates the degree of modulation and is the ratio of the modulating amplitude to the carrier amplitude.

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Shikha Sharma
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MODULATION

BY- SANJAY KUMAR 0900321088 EN-2(A)

introduction
Modulation is the process by which some characteristics of a carrier is varied in accordance with a modulation wave . Modulation is the process of putting information onto a high frequency carrier for transmission (frequency translation). such a modification is achieved by mean of a process called modulation .

In the modulation process, the


baseband signle is called modulating signal and anther higher frequency signal is called as the carrier. The carrier signal will carry the modulating signal to the destination.

Different of Modulation Method


Analog modulation - The modulating signal and carrier both are analogue signal.

TYPES : Amplitude modulation (AM), Frequency modulation (FM), Phase modulation (PM)

Figure

Types of analogmodulation

Digital modulation - The modulating signal is a digital signal , but the carrier is an analogue signal.

TYPES :
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Frequency Shift keying (FSK), Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation is a process of changing the amplitude of a high frequency carrier signal in proportion with the instantaneous value of modulating signal (information).
Amplitude Modulation is the simplest and earliest form of transmitters.

Figure : Amplitude modulation

AM Characteristics
AM is a nonlinear process Sum and difference frequencies are created that carry the information

modulation index

The ratio between the amplitudes between the amplitudes of the modulating signal and carrier, expressed by the equation:

Em m= Ec

Measurement of Modulation Index

Overmodulation
When the modulation index is greater than 1, overmodulation is present

Modulation Index for Multiple Modulating Frequencies


Two or more sine waves of different, uncorrelated frequencies modulating a single carrier is calculated by the equation:

m= m + m +

2 1

2 2

Full-Carrier AM: Frequency Domain


Time domain information can be obtained using an oscilloscope Frequency domain information can be calculated using Fourier methods, but trigonometric methods are simpler and valid Sidebands are calculated using the formulas at the right

f usb = f c + f m f lsb = f c f m E lsb =E usb mE c = 2

Bandwidth
Signal bandwidth is an important characteristic of any modulation scheme In general, a narrow bandwidth is desirable Bandwidth is calculated by:

B = 2 Fm
fc-fm fC 2fm fc+fm

applications Amplitude Modulation


AM applications include broadcasting in medium- and high-frequency applications, CB radio , and aircraft communications

THANK YOU

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