Java

Knowledge Level: Basic / Intermediate

8.0 AWT Components : Overview

Introduction:
The AWT i.e. Abstract Windowing Toolkit Provides a collection of classes for developing GUI Used to create windows, draw and work with images, and components like buttons,etc. The java.awt package contains the AWT GUI classes.

Objective:
After completing this Topic, you will be familiar with AWT Package and able to create GUI using AWT Components 1 . Introduction to AWT and AWT Components 2 . Visual Components 3 . The Container Components 4 . The Menu 5 . Utility classes
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AWT and AWT Components

Java components are implemented by help of supperclasses the java.awt.Component and java.awt.MenuComponents. AWT component categories : 1] Visual components 2] Container components 3] Menu components

Component

Visual Component

Container Component

Menu Component

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AWT and AWT Components

Visual components and Container components are inherited from java.awt.Component and implements several methods listed below. getSize() setSize() setBackground() setForeground() setFont() setEnabled setBounds() setVisible()
Note : Menu components extends java.awt.MenuComponent therefore they do not inherit the same functionality as Visual and Container components

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AWT and AWT Components

Screen snapshots for setEnabled method Button

button.setEnabled(true);

figure 1 button.setEnabled(false);

figure 2
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Visual Components
AWT Visual Components
Button Label Checkbox TextField TextArea Choice List FileDialog Canvas ScrollPane Scrollbar

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Visual Components
This is the sample program to create components.
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import java.awt.Button; import java.awt.Frame; class Sample extends Frame { public static void main(String args[]) { //Create an instance. Frame mainFrame =new Sample(); }

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Sample() { //Set the title of window setTitle("CTS: Visual component Demo"); setSize(300,140); //Set the size of the frame. setVisible(true); //Make window visible. /* Change only following lines */ Button button = new Button("Click me!"); button.setBounds(80,60,140,40); add(button); } }//End of Class

Continue

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Visual Components
Button
The button class implements push button
Button button = new Button("Click me!");

Constructor :
public Button() public Button(String label)

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Visual Components
Label
The label is only used to display any text, and not for user interaction
Label label = new Label( This is Label ");

Constructor :
public Label() public Label(String label) public Label(String label, int alignment)
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Visual Components
Checkbox
The Checkbox is a kind of button with two states. Two states are true (Checked) and false (Unchecked).
Label label = new Label( This is Label ");

Constructor :
public Checkbox() public Checkbox(String label) public Checkbox(String label, CheckboxGroup group, boolean state)

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Visual Components
TextField
The TextField is used to accept text from user
TextField textfield = new TextField ( Input here");

Constructor :
public TextField() public TextField(int cols) public TextField(String text) public TextField(String text, int cols)
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Visual Components
TextArea
The TextArea is used to accept text from user
TextArea textarea = new TextArea ( Input here");

Constructor :
public TextArea() public TextArea(int rows, int cols) public TextArea(String text) public TextArea(String text, int rows, int cols)

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Visual Components
Choice
The Choice is also called as pull-down list.
Choice choice = new Choice (); choice.addItem(Item 1); //To add Items to Choice choice.addItem(Item 2);

Constructor :
public Choice()

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Visual Components
List
The List is a collection of text items. List can be used for single selection or multi selection
List list = new List(); list.add(List Item 1); list.add(List Item 2);

Constructor :
public List() public List(int rows) public List(int rows, boolean isMultipleSelections)

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Visual Components
FileDialog
File open or file save dialog. Appearance of this dialog box is platform dependent
FileDialog filedialog = new FileDialog (this, Select File to Load, FileDialog.LOAD);

Constructor : public FileDialog(Frame parentWindow, String dlgTitle) public FileDialog(Frame parentWindow, String dlgTitle, int dlgMode)
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Visual Components
Canvas
Without any default appearance or behavior We can use Canvas to create custom drawing Canvas canvas = new Canvas (); canvas.setBackground(Color. BLUE); canvas.setSize(200,200);

Constructor :
public Canvas ()
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Visual Components
ScrollPane
Form of panel Can contain child component having dimensions greater than the ScrollPane Scroll pane provides horizontal or/and vertical scrollbars
//Code snippet ScrollPane scrollpane = new ScrollPane (): TextArea bigText = new TextArea(" This is very very Long Text .. !!!"); bigText.setVisible(true); scrollpane.add(bigText); add(scrollpane);

Constructor :
ScrollPane() ScrollPane(int scrollBarPolicy)
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Visual Components
Scrollbar
The Scrollbar component that adjusts scroll panes and lists which is available as a component in Scrollbar's own right.
setLayout(null); Scrollbar sb = new Scrollbar(Scrollbar.HORIZONTAL, 10, 10, 0, 300); sb.setBounds(3,26,300,20); Range of scrollbar add(sb);

initial value of the scroll bar

Constructor :

scroll bar thumb

public Scrollbar() public Scrollbar(int orientation)

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Container Components
AWT Container Components
Applet Frame Panel Dialog

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Container Components
Hierarchy for Container components

Component

Container

Panel

Window

Applet

Frame

Dialog
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Container Components
Applet
Applets are Java programs that are integrated in Web pages. Every applet is implemented by creating a subclass of the Applet class. Import java.applet.*; Java.applet package contains
- 1 class : Applet - 3 interfaces : AppletContext, AppletStub, and AudioClip

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Container Components
Rules for Applet / Restriction on Applet :
Applet can not execute any program on local machine Applet can not access any file on local machine Applet can not open socket connection to any one other than from where it is down loaded If any Applet opens any new window then that window gives warning and message box

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Container Components
Applet example :
//FirstApplet.java import java.applet.*; import java .awt.Button; import java.awt.Graphics; public class FirstApplet extends Applet { Button b = new Button ("Click Me"); public FirstApplet() { b.setBounds(20,25,100,40); this.setLayout(null); this.add(b); } public void paint (Graphics g) { g.drawString(Applet Example",14,14); }

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public void init() { System.out.println("Applet Initialized "); } public void start() { System.out.println("Applet Started"); } public void stop() { System.out.println("Applet Stopped"); } public void destroy(){ System.out.println("Applet Destroyed"); } } //End Applet Class

Continue
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Container Components
Applet life cycle
Init Start Stop Destroy Init
Applet Loaded

Start
Window Maximized

Window Minimized /Closed

Stop

Window Closed

Destroy

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Container Components
HTML Code to use applet in HTML file
<html> <body> <applet code= "FirstApplet.class" height= "100" width = "140" > </applet> </body> </html>

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Container Components

Figure 1

Figure 2

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Container Components

Figure 1

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Container Components
Parameter passing to Applet :
Code snippet in java file String s = new String(); public void init(){ s="Parameter :" + getParameter("Param1"); System.out.print("Applet Initialized "); } public void paint (Graphics g){ g.drawString(s,14,14); } Constructor : public Button() Creates a button with no label. public Button(String label) Creates a button with the indicated label.
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Code snippet in HTML file <html> <body> <applet code= "FirstApplet.class height= "100 width = "140" > <param name= "Param1 value= "Cognizant"> </param> </applet> </body> </html>

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Container Components

Figure 2

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Container Components
Other Applet Attribute Tags:
< APPLET [CODEBASE = code_Base_URL] CODE = applet_File [ALT = alternate_Text] [NAME = applet_Instance_Name] WIDTH = in_Pixels HEIGHT = in_Pixels [ALIGN = alignment] [VSPACE = in_Pixels] [HSPACE = in_Pixels] > [< PARAM NAME = applet_Parameter1 VALUE = value >] [< PARAM NAME = applet_Parameter2 VALUE = value >] ...... </APPLET>
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Container Components
Frame
Create a standard window import java.awt.Frame Constructors :
Frame() Frame(String frameTitle)

Methods :
setTitle(String), setVisible(boolean), setSize(int, int), setSize(Dimension) Dimension getSize().

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Container Components
Panel
Subclass of container Panel is super class for applet Intermediate level of space organization of GUI. Does not contain Title bar , Menu bar and Border add() method

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Container Components
Dialog
Pop-up window User input Modal or Modeless Constructors :
Dialog(Frame parentWindow,boolean Mode) Dialog(Frame parentWindow, String windowTitle, boolean Mode)

Example :
Save Dialog box Load Dialog box etc.

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The Menu
Menus
Pull-down menus
Tear-off menu.

Pop-up menus Classes used

Menu Class MenuBar Class MenuComponet Class MenuItem Class

Note : Menu can only be set to Frame

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The Menu

Menu bar

Menu Items

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The Menu
// Menu demo code 1 import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; class Test extends Frame { MenuBar mb; public Test(){ mb=new MenuBar(); Menu menu=new Menu("File"); MenuItem mn=new MenuItem("New"); MenuItem mo=new MenuItem("Open"); menu.add(mn); menu.add(mo); mb.add(menu); this.setMenuBar(mb); } // Test Constructor

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public static void main(String args[] ){ System.out.println("Starting Test..."); Test mainFrame = new Test(); mainFrame.setSize(200, 200); mainFrame.setTitle("Test"); mainFrame.setVisible(true); } }

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The Menu

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

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The Menu
A PopupMenu class implements a menu which can be dynamically popped up at a specified position within a component. public class PopupMenu extends Menu As the inheritance hierarchy suggests, a PopupMenu can be used anywhere a Menu can be used. However, if you use a PopupMenu like a Menu (e.g., We add it to a MenuBar), then you can not call show on that PopupMenu. We can show Popup Menu to specified location using show() method void show(Component origin, int x, int y) Shows the popup menu at the x, y position relative to an origin component.
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Utility classes
Vectors
Dimension Insets Point Polygon Rectangle Shape

Color
Color SystemColor

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Utility classes
Resource
Cursor Font FontMetrics Graphics Image PrintGraphics PrintJob Toolkit

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Utility classes
Vectors
Dimension : The Dimension class encapsulates the width and height of a
component in a single object. e.g. void setSize(Dimension d) method of Component

Insets : An Insets object is a representation of the borders of a container. It

specifies the space that a container must leave at each of its edges. The space can be a border, a blank space, or a title.

Point : A point represents an coordinate. Polygon : A polygon consists of a list of, where each successive pair of
coordinates defines a side of the polygon

Rectangle : A Rectangle specifies an rectangular area in a coordinate space

Shape : The Shape interface provides definitions for form of geometric

shape.
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Utility classes
Color
Color : This class encapsulate colors using the RGB format. SystemColor : A class to encapsulate symbolic colors representing the
color of native GUI objects on a system.

Resource
Cursor : A class to encapsulate the bitmap representation of the mouse
cursor.

Font : The Font class represents fonts, which are used to render text on
screen.

FontMetrics : The FontMetrics class defines a font metrics object, which

encapsulates information about the rendering of a particular font on a screen.
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Utility classes
Graphics : The Graphics class is the abstract base class for all graphics
contexts that allow an application to draw onto components.

Image : The abstract class Image is the superclass of all classes that
represent graphical images.

Toolkit : This class is the abstract superclass of all actual implementations of

the Abstract Window Toolkit

Note : Example code snippets for Dimension, Point, Polygon, Rectangle, Color,Font, Graphics, Image, Toolkit are in Topic Painting

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AWT Components : Summary

The AWT i.e. Abstract Windowing Toolkit provides classes for developing GUI The java.awt package contains the AWT GUI classes. AWT component : Visual components , Container components , Menu components. FileDialog box : File Open dialog box , File Save dialog box. Canvas is used to create custom drawing. ScrollPane can contain child component having dimensions greater than the it. AWT Container Components : Applet, Frame, Panel, Dialog. appletrunner.exe can be used to execute applet while developing. Applet can not open socket connection to any one other than from where it is down loaded. The Graphics class is the abstract base class for all graphics contexts.
Now in next Topic Events we will learn about how to handle user interaction with AWT components
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: Quiz
Which are the categories for AWT Components ? Give three methods of AWT Component which are inherited from Component ? What is difference between setBounds() and setSize() ?

What are the types of FileDialog ?

Where we use Canvas ? What is use of ScrollPane? Which are AWT Container Components ? What is use of appletrunner.exe ? Where applet can open socket connection ? Where the Graphics class is used ?

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9.0 Events : Overview

Introduction
Platform-independent class Encapsulates events from the platform's Graphical User Interface Event handling using Listeners and Adapters Java uses Event Delegation Model for handling events.

Objective
After completing this Topic, you will be able to capture and handle AWT Component Events using Listeners/Adapters . In this Topic we will cover 1. Event Delegation Model 2. Event Hierarchy 3. Event Listeners 4. Event Adapters

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Event Delegation Model

Event Delegation Model : Event delegation model means Events
which are generated by Event Source for Event Receiver are processed by Event Listener. Event Source Receiver

Event Listener

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Event Hierarchy
Java.util.EventObject

Java.awt.AWTEvent

ActionEvent

AdjustmentEvent ComponentEvent

TextEvent

ItemEvent

ContainerEvent

FocusEvent

InputEvent

WindowEvent

PaintEvent

MouseEvent
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KeyEvent
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Event Listeners
Event Listener
Event Handler Contains different methods to handle different event

Add method of syntax add<Listener Name> to add listener to component

e.g. addActionListener()

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Event Listeners
Table : Event Listener Interfaces and their methods
Interface
WindowListener

Interface Methods
windowActivated ( WindowEvent ) windowClosed ( WindowEvent ) windowClosing ( WindowEvent ) windowDeactivated ( WindowEvent ) windowDeiconified ( WindowEvent ) windowIconified ( WindowEv actionPerformed ( ActionEvent )

Add Method
addWindiwListener( )

Components
Frame ,

ActionListener AdjustmentEvent ComponentListener

addActionListener( )

adjustmentValueChanged ( AdjustmentEvent ) addAdjustmentListener( ) componentMoved ( ComponentEvent ) componentHidden ( ComponentEvent ) componentResized ( ComponentEvent ) componentShown ( ComponentEvent ) componentAdded ( ContainerEvent ) componentRemoved ( ContainerEvent ) addComponentListener( )

Button , List, MenuItem, TextField Scrollbar Canvas

ContainerListener

addContainerListener( )

Frame , Panel

Continued
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Event Listeners
Table : Event Listener Interfaces and their methods
Interface
FocusListener ItemListener KeyListener

Interface Methods
focusGained( FocusEvent ) focusLost( FocusEvent ) itemStateChanged ( ItemEvent ) keyPressed ( KeyEvent ) keyReleased ( KeyEvent ) keyTyped ( KeyEvent ) mouseClicked ( MouseEvent ) mouseEntered ( MouseEvent ) mouseExited ( MouseEvent ) mousePressed ( MouseEvent ) mouseReleased ( MouseEvent ) mouseDragged (MouseEvent ) mouseMoved ( MouseEvent ) textValueChanged ( TextEvent )

Add Method
addFocusListener( ) addItemListener( ) addKeyListener( )

Components
Frame , Button, Canvas Checkbox, Choice, List Button , Canvas, Panel

MouseListener

addMouseListener( )

Button , Canvas, Panel

MouseMotionListener TextListener

addMouseMotionListener( ) addTextListener( )

Button , Canvas, Panel TextComponent

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Event Listeners
Adding Listener to component : Method 1
// Test.java import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; public class Test extends Frame{ public static void main(String args[]) { Frame mainFrame =new Test (); myWinList myWL=new myWinList(); mainFrame.setVisible(true); mainFrame.setBounds(10,10,200,200); mainFrame.addWindowListener(myWL); } }

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Event Listeners
// myWinList class implements WindowListner class myWinList implements WindowListener{ public void windowActivated ( WindowEvent we) {} public void windowClosed ( WindowEvent we) {} public void windowClosing ( WindowEvent we) {System.exit(0);} public void windowDeactivated ( WindowEvent we){} public void windowDeiconified ( WindowEvent we){} public void windowIconified ( WindowEvent we) {} public void windowOpened ( WindowEvent we) {} }

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Event Listeners
Adding Listener to component : Method 2
// Test.java import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; public class Test extends Frame implements WindowListener{ public static void main(String args[]) { Frame mainFrame =new Test (); myWinList myWL=new myWinList(); mainFrame.setVisible(true); mainFrame.setBounds(10,10,200,200); } Test(){ addWindowListener(this); }

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Event Listeners
public void windowActivated ( WindowEvent we) {} public void windowClosed ( WindowEvent we) {} public void windowClosing ( WindowEvent we) {System.exit(0);} public void windowDeactivated ( WindowEvent we){} public void windowDeiconified ( WindowEvent we){} public void windowIconified ( WindowEvent we) {} public void windowOpened ( WindowEvent we) {} } // End Test

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Event Listeners
Example : How to Use ActionListener for Button
import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; public class Test extends Frame { public static void main(String args[]) { Frame mainFrame =new Test (); myAction myA = new myAction(); Button b1=new Button("Button 1"); mainFrame.setVisible(true); mainFrame.setBounds(10,10,200,200); mainFrame.setLayout(null); b1.setBounds(40,100,80,40); b1.addActionListener(myA); mainFrame.add(b1); } //main } //Class Test

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Event Listeners
class myAction implements ActionListener { public void actionPerformed ( ActionEvent ae){ System.out.println(ae.getActionCommand()); } } //Class myAction

Output after pressing button b1:

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Event Adapters
Event Adapters : Empty implementation of Listener interface
Example :
import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; public class Test extends Frame { public static void main(String args[]) { Frame mainFrame =new Test (); myWinAd myWA = new myWinAd (); mainFrame.setVisible(true); mainFrame.setBounds(10,10,200,200); mainFrame.addWindowListener(myWA); } }//Class Test End class myWinAd extends WindowAdapter { public void windowClosing ( WindowEvent we){ } //Class Adapter End
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System.exit(0); }

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Event Adapters
Adapter classes and corresponding interfaces

Adapter Class Listener Interface

WindowAdapter ComponentAdapter ContainerAdapter KeyAdapter MouseAdapter MouseMotionAdapter FocusAdapter WindowListener ComponentListener ContainerListener KeyListener MouseListener MouseMotionListener FocusListener

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Events : Summary
Event is a platform-independent class Event handling is done by using Listeners and Adapters

Event delegation model entities : Event, Source, Receiver and Listener

Event listener Contains different methods to handle different event Using add<Listener Name> method of component we can add listener Event Adapters : Empty implementation of Listener interface

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: Quiz
Which are the entities in Event-Delegation model ? What is the use of event listeners ?

Which method of component is used to attach event listener to

component ? What getActionCommand() method returns ? What are event adapters ?

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10.0 Layout Managers : Overview

Introduction Layout Managers defines the interface to set Layout for containers Performs layout management for the components within the container Objective After completing this Topic, you will be able to create GUI with specified appearance robust by handling runtime exceptions. In this Topic we will cover
1. 2. Types of Layout Managers GrigBag Layout Manager

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Layout Manager Overview

Layout Manager
Defines the interface for classes that know how to lay out Containers. Recommend that we use layout managers We can perform layout without them. By setting a container's layout property to null, we make the container use no layout manager (absolute positioning). In absolute positioning, we must specify the size and position of every component within that container. Drawback of absolute positioning :It doesn't adjust well when the top-level container is resized

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Types of Layout Managers

Types of Layout Managers
FlowLayout Manager GridLayout Manager BorderLayout Manager

CardLayout Manager
GridBagLayout Manager

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Types of Layout Managers

FlowLayout Manager
Default manager type for panels and applets
Arranges components in horizontal row (left to right, starting new rows, if
necessary).

The FlowLayout class has three constructors:

public FlowLayout() public FlowLayout(int alignment)

public FlowLayout(int alignment, int horizontalGap, int verticalGap)

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Types of Layout Managers

FlowLayout Manager Example
import java.awt.*;

public class Test extends Frame {

public static void main(String args[]) { Frame mainFrame =new Test (); myAction myA = new myAction(); mainFrame.setVisible(true); mainFrame.setBounds(10,10,350,100); mainFrame.setLayout(new FlowLayout()); // Important Line mainFrame.add(new Button("Button 1")); mainFrame.add(new Button("Button 2")); mainFrame.add(new Button("Button 3")); mainFrame.add(new Button("Button 4")); } }
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Types of Layout Managers

FlowLayout Manager Example Output
Figure 1

If we change size of windows then Output

Figure 2

Figure 3

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Types of Layout Managers

FlowLayout Manager
If we change line commented as //Important Line mainFrame.setLayout(new FlowLayout()); mainFrame.setLayout(new FlowLayout(0));

Figure 1

Figure 2

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Types of Layout Managers

GridLayout Manager
Places components in a grid of cells Each component takes all the available space within its cell Resize the GridLayout window, changes the cell size

The GridLayout class has two constructors

public GridLayout(int rows, int columns) public GridLayout(int rows, int columns, int horizontalGap, int verticalGap) )

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Types of Layout Managers

GridLayout Manager Example :
import java.awt.*;

public class Test extends Frame {

public static void main(String args[]) { Frame mainFrame =new Test (); myAction myA = new myAction();

mainFrame.setVisible(true);
mainFrame.setBounds(10,10,400,100); mainFrame.setLayout(new GridLayout(0,2)); // Important Line mainFrame.add(new Button("Button 1")); mainFrame.add(new Button("Button 2")); mainFrame.add(new Button("Button 3")); mainFrame.add(new Button("Button 4")); } }
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Types of Layout Managers

GridLayout Manager : Example Output
Figure 1

If we change size of windows then Output

Figure 2

Figure 3

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Types of Layout Managers

GridLayout Manager : If we change line commented as //Important Line
mainFrame.setLayout(new GridLayout(0,2)); mainFrame.setLayout(new GridLayout(0,2,10,10));

Figure 1

And If we change line commented as //Important Line

mainFrame.setLayout(new GridLayout(0,2)); mainFrame.setLayout(new GridLayout(0,2, 0,10));

Figure 2

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Types of Layout Managers

BorderLayout Manager
A BorderLayout has five areas : PAGE_START, PAGE_END, LINE_START, LINE_END, and CENTER.
Instead of using PAGE_START, LINE_START, PAGE_END, LIEN_END , we can use NORTH, SOUTH, EAST, and WEST. By default component will get added to the center By default BorderLayout does not put gap between the components Constructors :
public BorderLayout()
public BorderLayout(int horizontalgap, int verticalgap)

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Types of Layout Managers

BorderLayout Manager Example :
import java.awt.*;

public class Test extends Frame {

public static void main(String args[]) { // All frame creation and display code will come here mainFrame.setLayout(new BorderLayout());

mainFrame.add(new Button("Button(PAGE_START)"), BorderLayout.PAGE_START);

Button button = new Button("Button(CENTER)"); button.setSize(new Dimension(200, 100)); mainFrame.add(button, BorderLayout.CENTER); mainFrame.add(new Button("Button(LINE_START)"), BorderLayout.LINE_START); mainFrame.add(new Button("LongButton(PAGE_END)"), BorderLayout.PAGE_END); mainFrame.add(new Button("5(LINE_END)"), BorderLayout.LINE_END); } }
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Types of Layout Managers

BorderLayout Manager Example Output
Figure 1

If we change size of windows then Output

Figure 2

Figure 3

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Types of Layout Managers

BorderLayout Manager : If we change line commented as //Important Line
mainFrame.setLayout(new BorderLayout()); mainFrame.setLayout(new BorderLayout(10,10));

Figure 1

BorderLayout Manager : If we change line commented as //Important Line

mainFrame.setLayout(new BorderLayout()); mainFrame.setLayout(new BorderLayout(0,10));

Figure 2

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Types of Layout Managers

CardLayout Manager
CardLayout treats each component in the container as a card. Only one card is visible at a time, and the container acts as a stack of cards. The first component added to a CardLayout object is the visible component when the container is first displayed. The CardLayout API :
void first(Container) void next(Container) void previous(Container) void last(Container) void show(Container, String)

Constructors :
public CardLayout() public CardLayout(int horizontalgap, int verticalgap)
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Types of Layout Managers

CardLayout Manager
Example :
import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; public class Card extends Panel { private Panel cardPanel = new Panel (); private CardLayout cardLayout= new CardLayout(); private Panel controlPanel = new Panel(); private Button b1 = new Button ("Panel 1"); private Button b2 = new Button ("Panel 2"); // Constructor here public static void main(String args[]){ Frame f= new Frame("Example"); Card card = new Card (); // Check the Constructor on next slide f.add(card); f.pack(); f.setVisible(true); } //Main } //Class Copyright 2004, Cognizant Academy, All Rights Reserved

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Types of Layout Managers

public Card(){ Panel p1 = new Panel(); Panel p2 = new Panel(); p1.add(new TextField("This is Panel 1")); p2.add(new Button("This is Panel 2")); cardPanel.setLayout(cardLayout); cardPanel.add(p1,"1"); cardPanel.add(p2,"2"); add(cardPanel,BorderLayout.CENTER); b1.addActionListener(new ActionListener(){ public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae) { cardLayout.first(cardPanel); }});

2
b2.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae) { cardLayout.last(cardPanel); }});

Panel cp_1 = new Panel(); Panel cp_2 = new Panel(); cp1.add(b1); cp1.add(b2); controlPanel.add(cp1); controlPanel.add(cp2); add(controlPanel,BorderLayout.SOUTH); } //Constructor

Continue
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Types of Layout Managers

CardLayout Manager Example Output

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

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GridBagLayout Manager
GridBagLayout Manager
GridBagLayout is the most sophisticated, flexible layout manager This layout manager aligns components by placing them within a grid of cells

Allows some components to span more than one cell.

GridBagConstraints class used to hold all layout position information Constructor : public GridBagLayout()

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GridBagLayout Manager
GridBagConstraints
public GridBagConstraints(int gridx, int gridy, int gridwidth, int gridheight, double weightx, double weighty, int anchor, int fill, Insets insets, int ipadx, int ipady) Parameters:
gridx - The initial gridx value. gridy - The initial gridy value. gridwidth - The initial gridwidth value. gridheight - The initial gridheight value. weightx - The initial weightx value. weighty - The initial weighty value. anchor - The initial anchor value. fill - The initial fill value. insets - The initial insets value. ipadx - The initial ipadx value. ipady - The initial ipady value.
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GridBagLayout Manager
import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*;

public class GB extends Panel {

private Panel p1=new Panel(); private Panel p2=new Panel(); public GB() { p1.setLayout(new GridLayout(2,1)); p1.add(new Button("Panel1UP")); p1.add(new Button("Panel1Down")); p2.setLayout(new GridLayout(2,1)); p2.add(new Button("Panel2UP")); p2.add(new Button("Panel2Down"));

add(new Button("TopLeft"),c); c.gridx=1; add(new Button("TopCentre"),c); c.gridx=2; add(new Button("TopRight"),c); c.gridx=1; c.gridy=1; add(p1,c); c.gridx=2; add(p2,c); }

public static void main(String args[]) { Frame f=new Frame("CTS"); setLayout(new GridBagLayout()); f.add(new GB()); GridBagConstraints c = new GridBagConstraints(); f.pack(); c.gridx=0; f.setVisible(true); Continue c.gridy=0; } }
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GridBagLayout Manager
Figure 1: Output of previous code Col 0 Row 0 Row 1 Col 1 Col 2

Figure 2: When resized, Output is -

Figure 3: Resized window when weightx and weighty are set to 1.0 -

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GridBagLayout Manager
Controlling the cell size for a component
How to specify if a component occupies multiple cells ? The gridwidth and gridheight parameters

Example
In the previous example if we modify the code to make panel1 occupy first and second columns, the output will look as The code is like this
c.gridx=0; c.gridy=1; c.gridwidth=2; add(p1,c); c.gridx=2; c.gridwidth=1; add(p2,c);
Col 0 Col 1 Col 2

Row 0

Row 1

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Summary : Layout Managers

Layout Managers defines the interface for classes that know how to layout Containers. Types of LayoutManager : FlowLayout Manager, GridLayout Manager, BorderLayout Manager, CardLayout Manager, GridBagLayout Manager. FlowLayout Manager is default manager type for panels and applets. FlowLayout Manager arranges components in horizontal row . GridLayout Manager places components in a grid of cells. In GridLayout Manager each component takes all the available space within its cell. BorderLayout has 5 areas: PAGE_START, PAGE_END, LINE_START, LINE_END, and CENTER. In BorderLayout By default component will get added to the center. CardLayout treats each component in the container as a card. While using CardLayout Only one card is visible at a time. A GridBagConstraints object is associated with every component that contains detail information regarding the position of the component.
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: Quiz
What is absolute positioning ? Write any 3 Layout Managers ? Which is default layout manager type for panels and applets. Which layout manager by default arranges components horizontally ? Where by default component will get added In BorderLayout ? How many cards at a time are visible while using CardLayout ? Which parameters of GridBagConstraints are used to control cell size for components?

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