Introduction to TOS-I

Theory of Structure - I

Lecture Outlines

Introduction History of Structural Engineering Forms of Structures Materials Loads

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

Introduction
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

1ST YEAR

2ND YEAR

3RD YEAR

4TH YEAR

ENGG. MECHANICS
Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

THEORY OF STRUCTURES I

THEORY OF STRUCTURES II

STRUC. ENGG.
3

History of Structural Engineering

Why history is important?

One reason why history is important it that the past has value to our society. History is the narrative of mankind. History when presented properly lends itself to critical analysis.

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

History of Structural Engineering

Greek and Egyptian Temples

Made of stone Employed beams and columns Many columns having little useful space between them

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

Greek temple built 2500 years ago

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan 6

Greek temples of Poseidonia (now called Paestum) dating from the sixth century BC. Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

The Temple of Debod built in early 2nd century BC

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan 8

Egypt: Temples of Karnak built 2000 years ago

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan 9

History of Structural Engineering

Arch structures were discovered prior to Roman era. Roman Empire used arches extensively in construction.

Stone arches had span of 100 ft and more

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

10

The Colosseum is one of Rome's most distinctive landmarks. Construction of this famous amphitheatre began in 72 AD.
Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan 11

Arches

Aqueducts

Aqueduct at Segovia in eastern Spain

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan 12

The arch of Costantino built in 312 AD

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan 13

History of Structural Engineering

From A.D. 500 to A.D.1500, structures that were built continued to employ the stone arch as the major structural forms.

Gothic Cathedrals Roof was supported by flying buttresses

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

14

Flying Buttress Cathedral from North East Chichester

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

15

Flying Buttress Cathedral from South East Chichester

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

16

History of Structural Engineering

Fifteenth and Sixteenth centuries are known as Renaissance.

Galileo (1564-1642) Concept of force and moments Robert Hooke (1635-1703) Law of linear behavior of materials Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Laws of motion Leonhard Euler (1707-1783) Buckling of columns Palladio introduced the use of truss
17

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

GALILEO

ROBERT HOOKE

ISSAC NEWTON
Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

LEONHARD EULER

PALLADIO
18

History of Structural Engineering

Modern Era

Introduction of Iron Industrial Revolution

First major structure built or iron was Severn River Bridge Coalbrookdale. Suspension bridges

Thomas Telfords Bridge over Menai Straits in Wales, Brunels Clifton Bridge in Bristol, Finleys Bridge over Merrimack River in Newburyport, Massachusetts.
19

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

Iron bridge, a cast-iron arch bridge built in 1779 across the River Severn near Coalbrookdale, Shropshire, England
Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan 20

Thomas Telford built the suspension bridge in the middle in 1826. They had to destroy some of the castle to anchor it to the rock.
Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan 21

Isambard Kingdom Brunel designs the Clifton Suspension Bridge at Bristol. Two hundred feet above the River Avon, the bridge is 700 feet long.
Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan 22

History of Structural Engineering

Rank 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Building - City - Country Burj Dubai, Dubai, UAE Taipei 101, Taipei, Taiwan Petronas Tower 1, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Petronas Tower 2, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Sears Tower, Chicago, USA Year 2008 2004 1998 1998 1974 Stories Height 189* 101 88 88 110 850m* 509m 452m 452m 442m

6.

Jin Mao Building, Shanghai, China

1999

88

421m
23

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

24

Forms of Structures
Structural Forms

Cables

Arches

Trusses

Beams

Surfaces

Membranes
Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

Plates

Shells
25

Cables

Cables stretch well and are light, so they are useful in large structures. They only take tension stresses. Cables can be crisscrossed and combined with surface materials to achieve light and large structures. Examples of this technique are Suncoast Dome and Georgia Dome in the United States
26

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

27

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

28

Hanger Cable

Tower

Cable Anchorage

Road Way

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco

29

Cables

Grace Memorial Bridge over the Cooper River

Between Charleston, South Carolina (USA) and Mount Pleasant, South Carolina, stands the Grace Memorial Bridge. Completed in 1929, the cantilever steel structure has a main span of 1050 ft., or 320 m. and a total length of 3.6 miles or 5.79 Kilometers. A parallel bridge, with a similar design but a shorter main span, was built in 1966. This allowed the old bridge to be converted to one-way traffic.
30

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

Grace Memorial Bridge over the Cooper River

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan 31

Arches

An arch is a curved structure capable of spanning a space while supporting significant weight (e.g. a doorway in a stone wall). The arch is significant because, in theory at least, it provides a structure which eliminates tensile stresses in spanning an open space. All the forces are resolved into compressive stresses.
32

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

Chinese Moon Bridge

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan 33

Made by Zhao1974 in Hebei Province, China. Built by the architect Li Chun from 595 to 605 AD. World's oldest fully-stone, open-spandrel, segmental arch bridge.
Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan 34

Triangular Arch

Round Arch

Segmental Arch

Rampant Round Arch

Lancet Arch

Shoulder Flat Arch

Three-Foiled Cusped Arch

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

Equilateral Pointed Arch

35

Horseshoe Arch

Three-centered Arch

Elliptical Arch

Inflexed Arch

Ogee Arch

Reverse Ogee Arch

Tudor Arch

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

Parabolic Arch

36

Truss

In architecture and structural engineering, a truss is a structure comprising one or more triangular units constructed with straight slender members whose ends are connected at joints. A plane truss is one where all the members and joints lie within a 2-dimensional plane, while a space truss has members and joints extending into 3 dimensions.
37

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

Truss

All members are assumed in axial compression or tension. Members are joined with the help of frictionless pins. Loads are applied at joints only.

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

38

Types of Trusses

Common Truss
It is characterized by its triangular shape. It is most often used for roof construction.

Flat Truss
It gets its name from its parallel top and bottom chords.

Truncated Truss
A combination of the two is a truncated truss.

It is often used for floor construction.

It is used in hip roof construction.

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

39

Support structure under the Auckland Harbour Bridge.

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan 40

A Vierendeel bridge; note the lack of diagonal elements in the primary structure and the way bending loads are carried between Department of Civil Engineering 41 elements University of Engineering and
Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

Beams

A beam is a structural element that carries load primarily in bending (flexure). Beams generally carry vertical gravitational forces but can also be used to carry horizontal loads (i.e. loads due to an earthquake or wind). The loads carried by a beam are transferred to columns, walls, or girders, which then transfer the force to adjacent structural compression members.
42

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

Beams

It requires only vertical supports at ends generally. It is a compact structure. Its disadvantage is that it sometimes uses materials less economically than other structural systems.

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

43

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

44

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

45

Surfaces
Surfaces

Membranes

Plates

Shells

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

46

Membranes

Thin sheets of material

Resist applied loads by tension. Examples are tents, sails, balloons etc

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

47

Plates

Plates are flat surfaces that transfer loads by bending in a manner similar to beams.

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

48

Shells

Shell is rigid surface that transfers loads in two directions. The primary difference between a plate and a shell is that the shell has curvature whereas the plate does not.

TWA Flight Center, John F. Kennedy International Airport, New York.

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

49

Materials
Properties of Material

Strength

Deformation Characteristics

Comp. Tension Resist.

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

Strengt h to weight ratio

Stiff

Elastic

Ductile

50

Materials

Aggregates Steel Concrete Wood Aluminum Fiber Glass Composite Materials etc.
51

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

Loads

Loads

Loads

Static Loads

Dynamic Loads

Dead

Live

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

52

Loads

Building Live Loads

Bridge Live Loads

Live Loads

Earthquake Loads

Snow Loads

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

Wind Loads

53

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

54