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Framing and Methods

This document discusses different framing methods used by the data link layer. It describes character count, starting and ending characters with character stuffing, starting and ending flags with bit stuffing, and physical layer coding violation framing methods. Character count specifies the number of characters in a frame using a header field. Starting and ending characters adds special characters like DLE STX and DLE ETX to mark frame boundaries and uses character stuffing to prevent these characters from appearing in the data. Starting and ending flags uses flag bytes like 01111110 at the beginning and end of each frame and performs bit stuffing to prevent the flag byte from appearing in the data. Physical layer coding violation framing is used when the physical encoding contains redundancy

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3K views13 pages

Framing and Methods

This document discusses different framing methods used by the data link layer. It describes character count, starting and ending characters with character stuffing, starting and ending flags with bit stuffing, and physical layer coding violation framing methods. Character count specifies the number of characters in a frame using a header field. Starting and ending characters adds special characters like DLE STX and DLE ETX to mark frame boundaries and uses character stuffing to prevent these characters from appearing in the data. Starting and ending flags uses flag bytes like 01111110 at the beginning and end of each frame and performs bit stuffing to prevent the flag byte from appearing in the data. Physical layer coding violation framing is used when the physical encoding contains redundancy

Uploaded by

arya_himanshi
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Presentation On Computers Network

Topic:-Framing & its methods

Group members:Anuj Panday Chander kishore

Framing

Frames Are The Small data Units Created By Data Link Layer And The Process Of Creating Frames By The Data Link Layer Is Known As Framing.

Framing Method Implemented By Data Link Layer Are:

Character Count. Starting & Ending Characters With Character Stuffing. Starting & ending Flags With Bit Stuffing. Physical Layer Coding Violation.

Character Count.

This Method Specifies The Number Of Characters That Are Present In particular Frame. This Information Is specified By using a Special Field In the Header Frame.

Character count

3 0 1 4 1 7 5 7 2 0 1 4 2 6 2 1
Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3
Frame 4

Character Count Method

Starting & Ending Characters With Character Stuffing.

In this Method Frame Starts & End With a special Character That Mark The Beginning & End Of Frame. Each character Begins With the ASCII Character Sequence DLE STX (data link Escape Start Of Text ) And End With ASCII Character Sequence DLE ETX (data link escape End Of text)

Starting & Ending Characters With Character Stuffing.


A B C D A B
Data Data From Network Layer

DLE STX
Start Of Frame

DLE ETX
End Of Frame

Starting & Ending Characters Added By Link Layer

Character Stuffing.
A B DLE C D
data on Sender side

DLE STX A B DLE DLE C D DLE ETX


Start Of Frame Data End Of Frame data on Reciever side

B DLE C

Starting & ending Flags With Bit Stuffing.


In this Method , Each Begins & Ends With a Special Bit pattern 01111110 Called Flags. There for Each frame starts With 01111110& also Ends with 01111110. The Main Problem arises in this Method When The Flag byte 01111110 Appear as data. This Problem Is Handled By technique called Bit stuffing That Is similar To character stuffing.

Starting & ending Flags With Bit Stuffing.


01111110

0 101 0011111 0 101


Shifted Bit

01111110
Ending Flag BIT

Stuffing Performed By Data Link layer

Starting flag Bit

0 101 001111110101
BIT stuffing

Data received by Network layer On reciever side After Performing Destuffing By data link Layer

Physical Layer Coding Violation.

This Framing Method Is Used only In those network In which Encoding On The Physical Medium Contain some Redundancy. Some LANs Encode Each Bit Of Data By using two Physical Bit i.e. Menchester coding is Used. In this method Bit 1 Is encoded into high-low(10) Pair And Bit 0 Is Encoded Into low-high(01)pair shown in figure.

Physical Layer Coding Violation.

Menchester Encoding

Thank you House Is open for Queries.

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