Methods of Analysis
Chapter 3
Methods of Analysis
Introduction
Nodal analysis
Nodal analysis with voltage source
Mesh analysis
Mesh analysis with current source
Nodal and mesh analyses by inspection
Nodal versus mesh analysis
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3.2 Nodal Analysis
Steps to Determine Node Voltages:
1. Select a node as the reference node. Assign
voltage v1, v2, vn-1 to the remaining n-1 nodes.
The voltages are referenced with respect to the
reference node.
2. Apply KCL to each of the n-1 nonreference
nodes. Use Ohms law to express the branch
currents in terms of node voltages.
3. Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to
obtain the unknown node voltages.
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Figure 3.1
Common symbols for indicating a reference node,
(a) common ground, (b) ground, (c) chassis.
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Figure 3.2
Typical circuit for nodal analysis
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I1 I 2 i1 i2
I 2 i2 i3
vhigher vlower
i
R
v1 0
i1
or i1 G1v1
R1
v1 v2
i2
or i2 G2 (v1 v2 )
R2
v2 0
i3
or i3 G3v2
R3
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v1 v1 v2
I1 I 2
R1
R2
v1 v2 v2
I2
R2
R3
I1 I 2 G1v1 G2 (v1 v2 )
I 2 G2 (v1 v2 ) G3v2
G1 G2
G2
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G2
G2 G3
v1 I1 I 2
v2 I 2
7
Example 3.1
Calculate the node voltage in the circuit shown
in Fig. 3.3(a)
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Example 3.1
At node 1
i1 i2 i3
v1 v2 v1 0
5
4
2
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Example 3.1
At node 2
i2 i4 i1 i5
v2 v1 v2 0
5
4
6
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Example 3.1
In matrix form:
1 1
2 4
1
4
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1
4
1 1
6 4
v1 5
v 5
2
11
Practice Problem 3.1
Fig 3.4
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Example 3.2
Determine the voltage at the nodes in Fig.
3.5(a)
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Example 3.2
At node 1,
3 i1 ix
v1 v3 v1 v2
3
4
2
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Example 3.2
At node 2
ix i2 i3
v1 v2 v2 v3 v2 0
2
8
4
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Example 3.2
At node 3
i1 i2 2ix
v1 v3 v2 v3 2(v1 v2 )
4
8
2
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Example 3.2
In matrix form:
3
4
1
2
3
4
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2
7
8
9
1
4
1
8
3
8
v1
v
2
v3
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3.3 Nodal Analysis with Voltage
Sources
Case 1: The voltage source is connected
between a nonreference node and the reference
node: The nonreference node voltage is equal
to the magnitude of voltage source and the
number of unknown nonreference nodes is
reduced by one.
Case 2: The voltage source is connected
between two nonreferenced nodes: a
generalized node (supernode) is formed.
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3.3 Nodal Analysis with Voltage
Sources
Fig. 3.7 A circuit with a supernode.
i1 i4 i2 i3
v1 v2 v1 v3 v2 0 v3 0
2
4
8
6
v2 v3 5
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A supernode is formed by enclosing a
(dependent or independent) voltage source
connected between two nonreference nodes
and any elements connected in parallel with it.
The required two equations for regulating the
two nonreference node voltages are obtained
by the KCL of the supernode and the
relationship of node voltages due to the
voltage source.
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Example 3.3
For the circuit shown in Fig. 3.9, find the node
voltages.
i1
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i2
2 7 i1 i 2 0
v1 v2
27 0
2 4
v1 v2 2
21
Example 3.4
Find the node voltages in the circuit of Fig. 3.12.
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Example 3.4
At suopernode 1-2,
v3 v2
v1 v4 v1
10
6
3
2
v1 v2 20
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Example 3.4
At supernode 3-4,
v1 v4 v3 v2 v4 v3
3
6
1 4
v3 v4 3(v1 v4 )
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3.4 Mesh Analysis
Mesh analysis: another procedure for
analyzing circuits, applicable to planar circuit.
A Mesh is a loop which does not contain any
other loops within it
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Fig. 3.15
(a) A Planar circuit with crossing branches,
(b) The same circuit redrawn with no crossing branches.
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Fig. 3.16
A nonplanar circuit.
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Steps to Determine Mesh Currents:
1. Assign mesh currents i1, i2, .., in to the n meshes.
2. Apply KVL to each of the n meshes. Use Ohms
law to express the voltages in terms of the mesh
currents.
3. Solve the resulting n simultaneous equations to
get the mesh currents.
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Fig. 3.17
A circuit with two meshes.
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Apply KVL to each mesh. For mesh 1,
V1 R1i1 R3 (i1 i2 ) 0
( R1 R3 )i1 R3i2 V1
For mesh 2,
R2i2 V2 R3 (i2 i1 ) 0
R3i1 ( R2 R3 )i2 V2
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Solve for the mesh currents.
R1 R3
R3
R3
R2 R3
i1 V1
i2 V2
Use i for a mesh current and I for a branch
current. Its evident from Fig. 3.17 that
I1 i1 , I 2 i2 ,
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I 3 i1 i2
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Example 3.5
Find the branch current I1, I2, and I3 using
mesh analysis.
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Example 3.5
For mesh 1,
15 5i1 10(i1 i2 ) 10 0
3i1 2i2 1
For mesh 2,
6i2 4i2 10(i2 i1 ) 10 0
i1 2i2 1
We can find i1 and i2 by substitution method or
Cramers rule. Then, I1 i1 , I 2 i2 , I 3 i1 i2
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Example 3.6
Use mesh analysis to find the current I0 in the
circuit of Fig. 3.20.
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Example 3.6
Apply KVL to each mesh. For mesh 1,
24 10(i1 i2 ) 12(i1 i3 ) 0
11i1 5i2 6i3 12
For mesh 2,
24i2 4(i2 i3 ) 10(i2 i1 ) 0
5i1 19i2 2i3 0
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Example 3.6
For mesh 3, 4 I 0 12(i3 i1 ) 4(i3 i2 ) 0
At node A, I 0 I1 i2 ,
4(i1 i2 ) 12(i3 i1 ) 4(i3 i2 ) 0
i1 i2 2i3 0
In matrix from Eqs. (3.6.1) to (3.6.3) become
11 5 6 i1 12
5 19 2 i2 0
1 1 2 i 0
we can calculus i1, i2 and i3 by Cramers rule,
and find I0.
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3.5 Mesh Analysis with Current
Sources
Fig. 3.22 A circuit with a current source.
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Case 1
Current source exist only in one mesh
i1 2A
One mesh variable is reduced
Case 2
Current source exists between two meshes, a
super-mesh is obtained.
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Fig. 3.23
a supermesh results when two meshes have a
(dependent , independent) current source in
common.
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Properties of a Supermesh
1. The current is not completely ignored
provides the constraint equation necessary to
solve for the mesh current.
2. A supermesh has no current of its own.
3. Several current sources in adjacency form a
bigger supermesh.
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Example 3.7
For the circuit in Fig. 3.24, find i1 to i4 using
mesh analysis.
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If a supermesh consists of two meshes, two
equations are needed; one is obtained using KVL
and Ohms law to the supermesh and the other is
obtained by relation regulated due to the current
source.
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6i1 14i2 20
i1 i2 6
42
Similarly, a supermesh formed from three
meshes needs three equations: one is from the
supermesh and the other two equations are
obtained from the two current sources.
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2i1 4i3 8(i3 i4 ) 6i2 0
i1 i2 5
i2 i3 i4
8(i3 i4 ) 2i4 10 0
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3.6 Nodal and Mesh Analysis by
Inspection
The analysis equations can be
obtained by direct inspection
(a)For circuits with only resistors and
independent current sources
(b)For planar circuits with only resistors and
independent voltage sources
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In the Fig. 3.26 (a), the circuit has two
nonreference nodes and the node equations
I1 I 2 G1v1 G2 (v1 v2 ) (3.7)
I 2 G2 (v1 v2 ) G3v2
(3.8)
MATRIX
G1 G2
G2
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G2
G2 G3
v1 I1 I 2
v2 I 2
46
In general, the node voltage equations in terms
of the conductances is
v1
v
2
i1
i
2
G G G
N1 N 2
NN
v
N
i
N
or simply
G11 G12 G1N
G G G
21
22
2N
Gv = i
where G : the conductance matrix,
v : the output vector, i : the input vector
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The circuit has two nonreference nodes and
the node equations were derived as
R1 R3
R3
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R3
R2 R3
i1 v1
i2 v2
48
In general, if the circuit has N meshes, the
mesh-current equations as the resistances term
is
R11 R12 R1N i1 v1
R R R i v
or simply
2N
21 22
2 2
Rv = i
R R R i v
N
N1 N 2
NN N
where R : the resistance matrix,
i : the output vector, v : the input vector
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Example 3.8
Write the node voltage matrix equations in
Fig.3.27.
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Example 3.8
The circuit has 4 nonreference nodes, so
1 1
1 1 1
G11 0.3, G22 1.325
5 10
5 8 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
G33 0.5, G44 1.625
8 8 4
8 2 1
The off-diagonal terms are
1
G12 0.2, G13 G14 0
5
1
1
G21 0.2, G23 0.125, G24 1
8
1
G31 0, G32 0.125, G34 0.125
G41 0, G42 1, G43 0.125
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Example 3.8
The input current vector i in amperes
i1 3, i2 1 2 3, i3 0, i4 2 4 6
The node-voltage equations are
0.3 0.2
0
0
v1 3
v 3
0.2 1.325 0.125 1
2
0 0.125 0.5
0.125 v3 0
0 1
0.125
1.625 v4 6
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Example 3.9
Write the mesh current equations in Fig.3.27.
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Example 3.9
The input voltage vector v in volts
v1 4, v2 10 4 6,
v3 12 6 6, v4 0, v5 6
The mesh-current equations are
9
2
2
0
0
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2 2 0 0 i1
4
10 4 1 1 i2
6
4 9 0 0 i3 6
0
1
0 8 3 i4
6
1
0 3 4 i5
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3.7 Nodal Versus Mesh Analysis
Both nodal and mesh analyses provide a
systematic way of analyzing a complex
network.
The choice of the better method dictated by
two factors.
First factor : nature of the particular network. The
key is to select the method that results in the
smaller number of equations.
Second factor : information required.
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BJT Circuit Models
(a)An npn transistor,
(b) dc equivalent model.
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Example 3.13
For the BJT circuit in Fig.3.43, =150 and VBE
= 0.7 V. Find v0.
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Example 3.13
Use mesh analysis or nodal analysis
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Example 3.13
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3.10 Summery
1. Nodal analysis: the application of KCL at the
nonreference nodes
A circuit has fewer node equations
2. A supernode: two nonreference nodes
3. Mesh analysis: the application of KVL
A circuit has fewer mesh equations
4. A supermesh: two meshes
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Homework
Problems 7, 12, 20, 31(write down required
equations only), 39, 49, 53(write down
required equations only)
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