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MECH4450 Introduction To Finite Element Methods: Basic Principles

This document provides an introduction to finite element methods (FEM). It discusses the historical background of FEM, including early contributions. It also reviews basic principles like piecewise polynomial approximation and the derivation of stiffness matrices. Finally, it provides examples of applying FEM to problems in various engineering domains like aerospace, civil, electrical and biomedical engineering. It also presents the governing equations and boundary conditions for an example problem of an axially loaded bar, and demonstrates the use of the Rayleigh-Ritz approach and Galerkin's method to derive the finite element formulation for this problem.

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Mayank Kumar
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128 views24 pages

MECH4450 Introduction To Finite Element Methods: Basic Principles

This document provides an introduction to finite element methods (FEM). It discusses the historical background of FEM, including early contributions. It also reviews basic principles like piecewise polynomial approximation and the derivation of stiffness matrices. Finally, it provides examples of applying FEM to problems in various engineering domains like aerospace, civil, electrical and biomedical engineering. It also presents the governing equations and boundary conditions for an example problem of an axially loaded bar, and demonstrates the use of the Rayleigh-Ritz approach and Galerkin's method to derive the finite element formulation for this problem.

Uploaded by

Mayank Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MECH4450 Introduction to Finite

Element Methods

Basic Principles

Historical Background
Hrenikoff, 1941 frame work method
Courant, 1943 piecewise polynomial
interpolation
Turner, 1956 derived stiffness matrices for
truss, beam, etc
Clough, 1960 coined the term finite element
Key Ideas: - frame work method
piecewise polynomial approximation
Courant

Clough

Applications of FEM

Applications: Aerospace
Engineering (AE)

Applications: Civil Engineering


(CE)

Applications: Electrical
Engineering (EE)

Applications: Biomedical
Engineering (BE)

Cosmetic Dentistry

The Future Virtual Engineering

Axially Loaded Bar


Review:

Stress:

Stress:

Strain:
Deformation:

P
A

Strain:
PL
EA

Deformation:

Axially Loaded Bar


Review:
P

Governing equation: Assume f is constant

Stress at x:

Axially Loaded Bar Governing


Equations and Boundary
Conditions
Differential Equation
d
du
EA
(
x
)
f ( x) 0

dx
dx

0 xL

Boundary Condition Types


prescribed displacement (essential BC)
prescribed force/derivative of displacement
(natural BC)

Axially Loaded Bar Boundary


Conditions
Examples
fixed end
simple support
free end

Potential Energy
Elastic Potential Energy (PE)
- Spring case

Unstretched spring

PE 0
Stretched bar

1 2
PE kx
2
x

- Axially loaded bar


undeformed:
deformed:
- Elastic body
PE

PE 0
L
1
PE Adx
20

1 T
dv

2V

Potential Energy
Work Potential (WP)
f
P
A

WP u fdx P uB

f: distributed force over a line


P: point force
u: displacement

Total Potential Energy


L

1
Adx u fdx P uB
20
0

Potential Energy
Principle of Stationary Potential
Energy
For conservative systems, of all the kinematically admissible displacement fields,
those corresponding to equilibrium extremize the total potential energy. If the
extremum condition is a minimum, the equilibrium state is stable.
Conservative system: WP is independent of the path taken from the original state to
the deformed state.
Kinematically admissible displacement field: displacement field satisfy the geometric
(kinematic) boundary conditions.

Original state
deformed state

equilibrium state

Potential Energy + Rayleigh-Ritz


Approach
Example:

f
A

Find the displacement field u x


Assume f is a constant

Step 1: assume an admissible displacement field u x a1 a2 x


In general: u aii x

i 1 to n

So for u x a1 a2 x

is shape function / basis function


n-1 is the order of approximation

1 1 2 x

The admissible displacement field must satisfy the essential boundary condition u 0 at x 0
So a1 0

u x a2 x

and

Step 2: calculate total potential energy


Firstly write down the elastic potential energy
du
E Ea2

a2
u x a2 x
dx
L

Elastic potential:

1
1
1 2

Adx

Ea
a
Adx

Ea2 AL
2 2
2 0
2 0
2

Potential Energy + Rayleigh-Ritz


Approach
Example:

f
P
B

A
Then write down the work energy
L

WP u fdx P uB

P a
2L
a2 x fdx
1
a2 fL2 Pa2 L
2
1
1
Ea2 2 AL a2 fL2 Pa2 L
2
2

Step 3:select ai so that the total potential energy is at its


minimum or maximum.
d
1
0 Ea2 AL fL2 PL 0
da
2
1
1
P fL
P fL
2
2
a2
u
x
EA
EA

Potential Energy + Rayleigh-Ritz


Approach

Example 2.5:

f
P
Element 1:

P1
Essential boundary condition

Element 2:

P1

Continuity requirement

Potential Energy + Rayleigh-Ritz


Approach

Example 2.5:

f
P

Approach

I:

Potential Energy + Rayleigh-Ritz


Approach

Example 2.5:

f
P

Approach II:

Potential Energy + Rayleigh-Ritz


Approach
Example:

f
P
A

One section

Two sections

Galerkins Method
Example:

f
P
B

Seek an approximation u~ so

d
du
EA
(
x
)
f ( x) 0
dx
dx
u x 0 0
EA( x )

du
dx

P
xL

Let u% aii x
i

i 1 to n

find ai

In the Galerkins method, the weight function w is chosen as


where are arbitrary except for requiring that w satisfies zero
boundary condition at which u is specified.

Galerkins Method
Example:

f
P

Find the displacement field

du~
d

w
EA
(
x
)

f
(
x
)

dV 0
V i dx
dx

L
L
du~ dwi
du~
EA( x )
dx wi fdx wi EA( x )
0
dx
dx
dx
0
0
0
L

1
Let

u% a1 x, 0 x L
L

x and w1 x

EAa1 1dx xfdx w L P w 0 EA

fL
P
2
a1
EA
Strain energy

Work done by f

Work done by P

fL
P
2
u%
x
EA

du%
0
dx 0

FEM Formulation of Axially


Loaded Bar Governing Equations
Differential Equation
d
du
EA
(
x
)
f ( x) 0

dx
dx

0 x L

Weighted-Integral Formulation

du
w
EA( x) f ( x) dx 0

dx
dx

Weak Form
L

dw

du
du

0
EA( x) wf ( x) dx w EA( x)
dx
dx
dx

Starting point of FEA


0

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