DIGITAL IMAGE
PROCESSING
By: Kumar Vaibhav
Senior Software Engineer UMS/RMS Dept.
Manipal Technologies Limited, Pune.
INTRODUCTION
One picture is worth more than ten
thousand words
- Anonymous
CONTENTS
This
lecture will cover:
What
is a digital image?
What is digital image processing?
History of digital image processing
State of the art examples of digital image processing
Key stages in digital image processing
WHAT IS A DIGITAL IMAGE?
digital image is a representation of a twodimensional image as a finite set of digital values,
called picture elements or pixels.
A
WHAT IS A DIGITAL IMAGE?
(CONT)
Pixel
values typically represent gray levels, colours,
heights, opacities etc.
Remember digitization implies that a digital image
is an approximation of a real scene.
1 pixel
WHAT IS A DIGITAL IMAGE? (CONT)
Common
1
image formats include:
sample per point (B&W or Grayscale)
3 samples per point (Red, Green, and Blue)
4 samples per point (Red, Green, Blue, and Alpha,
a.k.a. Opacity)
WHAT IS DIGITAL IMAGE
PROCESSING?
Digital
image processing focuses on two major tasks:
Improvement
interpretation.
of
pictorial
information
for
human
Processing
of image data for storage, transmission and
representation for autonomous machine perception.
There
are some argument about where image
processing ends and fields such as image analysis and
computer vision start.
WHAT IS DIP? (CONT)
The
continuum from image processing to computer vision
can be broken up into low-, mid- and high-level processes:
Low Level Process
Mid Level Process
High Level Process
Input: Image
Output: Image
Input: Image
Output: Attributes
Input: Attributes
Output: Understanding
Examples: Noise
removal, image
sharpening.
Examples: Object
recognition,
segmentation.
Examples: Scene
understanding,
autonomous
navigation.
HISTORY OF DIGITAL IMAGE
PROCESSING
Early
1920s: One of the first applications of digital
imaging was in the news
Paper industry.
Early digital image
The
Bartlane cable picture transmission service.
Images were transferred by submarine cable between London
and New York.
Pictures were coded for cable transfer and reconstructed at the
receiving end on a telegraph printer.
HISTORY OF DIP (CONT)
Mid
to late 1920s: Improvements to the Bartlane system
resulted in higher quality images
New
reproduction
processes based
on photographic
techniques.
Increased number
of tones in
reproduced images.
Improved
digital image
Early 15 tone digital
image
HISTORY OF DIP (CONT)
1960s:
Improvements in computing technology
and the onset of the space race led to a surge of
work in digital image processing.
1964:
Computers used to
improve the quality of
images of the moon taken
by the Ranger 7 probe.
Such techniques were used
in other space missions
including the Apollo landings.
A picture of the moon taken
by the Ranger 7 probe
minutes before landing
HISTORY OF DIP (CONT)
1970s:
Digital image processing begins to be used
in medical applications
1979:
Sir Godfrey N.
Hounsfield & Prof. Allan M.
Cormack share the Nobel
Prize in medicine for the
invention of tomography,
the technology behind
Computerised Axial
Tomography (CAT) scans.
Typical head slice CAT
image
HISTORY OF DIP (CONT)
1980s
- Today: The use of digital image processing
techniques has exploded and they are now used for all kinds of
tasks in all kinds of areas:
Image
enhancement/restoration
Artistic
effects
Medical
visualisation
Industrial
Law
inspection
enforcement
Human
computer interfaces
EXAMPLES: IMAGE ENHANCEMENT
One
of the most common uses of DIP techniques: improve
quality, remove noise etc.
EXAMPLES: THE HUBBLE
TELESCOPE
Launched
in 1990, the Hubble
telescope can take images of
very distant objects.
However,
an incorrect mirror
made many of Hubbles
images useless.
Image
processing
techniques were
used to fix this.
EXAMPLES: ARTISTIC EFFECTS
Artistic
effects are used
to make images more
visually appealing, to
add special effects and to
make composite images.
EXAMPLES: MEDICINE
Take
slice from MRI scan of canine heart, and find
boundaries between types of tissue.
Image
with gray levels representing tissue density
Use a suitable filter to highlight edges
Original MRI Image of a Dog Heart
Edge Detection Image
EXAMPLES: GIS
Geographic
Digital
Information Systems
image processing techniques are used extensively to
manipulate satellite imagery
Terrain classification
Meteorology
EXAMPLES: GIS (CONT)
Night-Time
Lights of the
World data set.
Global
inventory of human
settlement.
Not
hard to imagine the
kind of analysis that might
be done using this data.
EXAMPLES: INDUSTRIAL INSPECTION
Human
operators are
expensive, slow and
unreliable.
Make
machines do the
job instead.
Industrial
vision systems
are used in all kinds of
industries.
EXAMPLES: PCB INSPECTION
Printed
Circuit Board (PCB) inspection
Machine
inspection is used to determine that all
components are present and that all solder joints are
acceptable.
Both conventional imaging and x-ray imaging are used.
EXAMPLES: LAW ENFORCEMENT
Image
processing techniques
are used extensively by law
enforcers.
Number
plate recognition for
speed cameras/automated toll
systems.
Fingerprint
recognition.
Enhancement
images.
of CCTV
EXAMPLES: HCI
Try
to make human computer
interfaces more natural.
Face
recognition
Gesture recognition
Does
anyone remember the
user interface from Minority
Report?
These
tasks can be extremely
difficult.
KEY STAGES IN DIGITAL IMAGE
PROCESSING
Image
Restoration
Morphological
Processing
Image
Enhancement
Segmentation
Image
Acquisition
Object
Recognition
Problem Domain
Representation
& Description
Colour Image
Processing
Image
Compression
KEY STAGES IN DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING:
IMAGE AQUISITION
Image
Restoration
Morphological
Processing
Image
Enhancement
Segmentation
Image
Acquisition
Object
Recognition
Problem Domain
Representation
& Description
Colour Image
Processing
Image
Compression
KEY STAGES IN DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING:
IMAGE ENHANCEMENT
Image
Restoration
Morphological
Processing
Image
Enhancement
Segmentation
Image
Acquisition
Object
Recognition
Problem Domain
Representation
& Description
Colour Image
Processing
Image
Compression
KEY STAGES IN DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING:
IMAGE RESTORATION
Image
Restoration
Morphological
Processing
Image
Enhancement
Segmentation
Image
Acquisition
Object
Recognition
Problem Domain
Representation
& Description
Colour Image
Processing
Image
Compression
KEY STAGES IN DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING:
MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSING
Image
Restoration
Morphological
Processing
Image
Enhancement
Segmentation
Image
Acquisition
Object
Recognition
Problem Domain
Representation
& Description
Colour Image
Processing
Image
Compression
KEY STAGES IN DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING:
SEGMENTATION
Image
Restoration
Morphological
Processing
Image
Enhancement
Segmentation
Image
Acquisition
Object
Recognition
Problem Domain
Representation
& Description
Colour Image
Processing
Image
Compression
KEY STAGES IN DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING:
OBJECT RECOGNITION
Image
Restoration
Morphological
Processing
Image
Enhancement
Segmentation
Image
Acquisition
Object
Recognition
Problem Domain
Representation
& Description
Colour Image
Processing
Image
Compression
KEY STAGES IN DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING:
REPRESENTATION & DESCRIPTION
Image
Restoration
Morphological
Processing
Image
Enhancement
Segmentation
Image
Acquisition
Object
Recognition
Problem Domain
Representation
& Description
Colour Image
Processing
Image
Compression
KEY STAGES IN DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING:
IMAGE COMPRESSION
Image
Restoration
Morphological
Processing
Image
Enhancement
Segmentation
Image
Acquisition
Object
Recognition
Problem Domain
Representation
& Description
Colour Image
Processing
Image
Compression
KEY STAGES IN DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING:
COLOUR IMAGE PROCESSING
Image
Restoration
Morphological
Processing
Image
Enhancement
Segmentation
Image
Acquisition
Object
Recognition
Problem Domain
Representation
& Description
Colour Image
Processing
Image
Compression
SUMMARY
We
have looked at:
What
is a digital image?
What
is digital image processing?
History
State
Key
of digital image processing.
of the art examples of digital image processing.
stages in digital image processing.
REFERENCES
Digital Image Processing, Rafael C. Gonzalez &
Richard E. Woods, Addison-Wesley, 2002.
A.K.
Jain, 1989, Fundamental of Digital Image
Processing, PHI.
THANK YOU
