Radar Signals
Tutorial II: The Ambiguity Function
1
Brief Review
o Purpose of radar: measure round trip
time delay.
2
Brief Review
o Radar equation:
o Matched filter:
Maximizes the SNR in the received
signal.
Response is described by the
autocorrelation function of the signal.
3
Brief Review
o Autocorrelation of a signal:
4
The Ambiguity
Function
o Definition: The ambiguity function is the
time response of a filter matched to a
given finite energy signal when the signal
is received with a delay and a
Doppler shift relative to the nominal
values expected by the filter.
5
Example(1)
o Complex envelope of a constant
frequency pulse:
6
Example(1)
o Partial AF:
7
Example(1)
o Contour plot of the AF:
Contour
Contour 0.707 0.1
8
Why is the AF important?
9
Example(2)
o Why is the AF important?
Chirp waveform
Ambiguity Function SISO range-Doppler image
10
Example(2)
o Why is the AF important?
Unmodulated pulse
Ambiguity Function SISO range-Doppler image
11
AF Properties
(1)
o Property 1: Maximum at (0,0).
12
AF Properties
(1)
o Proof of property 1:
Apply CS
13
AF Properties
(2)
o Property 2: Constant volume.
14
AF Properties
(2)
o Proof of property 2:
Rewrite , replacing with
.
15
AF Properties
(2)
o Proof of property 2:
Apply Parsevals theorem the energy
in the time domain is equal to the
energy in the frequency domain.
16
AF Properties
(2)
o Proof of property 2:
Integrate both sides with respect to
to yield volume .
17
AF Properties
(2)
o Proof of property 2:
Change variables and solve.
18
AF Properties
(2)
o Implications of property 2.
Additional volume constraints:
No matter how we design our
waveform, the volume of the AF
remains constant.
19
AF Properties
(3)
o Property 3: Symmetry with respect to
the origin.
20
AF Properties
(4)
o Property 4: Linear FM effect.
If
,
then adding linear frequency modulation
(LFM) implies that:
21
AF Properties
(4)
o Proof of property 4:
22
AF Properties
(4)
o Implications of property 4:
23
AF Properties
(4)
o Implications of property 4:
24
Chirp Waveform
o Linear frequency-modulated (LFM) pulse
(Chirp).
The most popular pulse compression
method.
Conceived during WWII.
Basic idea: sweep the frequency band
linearly during the pulse duration .
25
Chirp Waveform
o Linear frequency-modulated (LFM) pulse
(Chirp).
Complex envelope:
Chirp rate
26
Chirp Waveform
o Linear frequency-modulated (LFM) pulse
(Chirp).
Complex envelope:
27
Chirp Waveform
o Linear frequency-modulated (LFM) pulse
(Chirp).
Ambiguity Function:
28
Chirp Waveform
o Linear frequency-modulated (LFM) pulse
(Chirp).
Ambiguity Function:
29
Chirp Waveform
o Advantage of chirp: improved range
resolution.
Zero-Doppler cut:
For a large time-bandwidth product
( ), the first null occurs
at:
30
Chirp Waveform
o Advantage of chirp: improved range
resolution.
Zero-Doppler cut:
31
Chirp Waveform
o Advantage of chirp: improved range
resolution.
Spectrum of unmodulated pulse:
32
Chirp Waveform
o Advantage of chirp: improved range
resolution.
Spectrum of LFM pulse:
LFM improves range resolution
according to the time-bandwidth
33 product!
Chirp Waveform
o Disadvantage of chirp: delay-Doppler
coupling.
For small Doppler shift , the delay
location of the peak response is shifted
from true delay by:
Preferred in situations with ambiguous
Doppler shifts.
34
Chirp Waveform
o Disadvantage of chirp: delay-Doppler
coupling.
Contour
0.1
Contour 0.707
A target with positive Doppler
35 appears closer than its true range!
Example(3)
o SISO range-Doppler imaging example
Bandwidth , duration , chirp-rate
. target
40 dB
36
Example(3)
o SISO range-Doppler imaging example
, fix
37
Future Talks
o Other forms of frequency modulation:
LFM amplitude weighting.
Costas coding.
Nonlinear FM.
o Phased-coded waveforms:
Barker code.
Chirp-like sequences.
38
