ANCHORAG
Presented by : Satyam
mehta
BDS IV yr
Definition
Factors affecting anchorage
Classification
Implants as Anchorage Units
The term anchorage , in its orthodontics
application defined as “Resistance to
unwanted tooth movement.
The tooth movement during
orthodontic therapy is brought about by force
generated by the active components of an
orthodontics appliance.
The force used to move teeth is derived from
certain anatomic areas which acts as Anchors.
GRABER has defined Anchorage as
“the nature and degree of resistance to
displacement offered by anatomic unit for
the purpose of effecting tooth movement”.
Factors affecting anchorage :-
•TEETH :- Whenever some teeth are moved
orthodontically, the remaining teeth of the oral
cavity can acts as anchorage or resistance units.
The anchorage potential of teeth depends on a
number of factors such as :
Root form.
Size and Number of roots.
Root surface area.
Inclination of root.
Ankylosed teeth .
•Root form :-
The anchorage potential of a tooth depends
largely on its root form . Round roots
such as in bicuspids can resist
horizontally directed forces in any direction .
Flat roots like in mandibular
incisors can resist movements in the mesio-distal
direction . The triangular roots like canine offers
the maximum resistance to displacement
compared to round or flat roots .
•Size and number of roots :- Multirooted teeth
with large roots have a greater ability to withstand
stress than single rooted teeth.
•Root length:- The root length indicates
the depth to which the tooth is
embedded in bone and the
greater is its resistance to displacement.
Root surface area:
The root surface of the tooth that is very
important factor determining the anchorage value
of the tooth . The root surface area of the tooth that
is used as anchorage should greater than the root
surface area or the anchorage value of the tooth
that has to be moved .
•Inclination of tooth :-
The axial inclination of the tooth is important in
assessing its value as a source of anchorage . A
greater resistance to displacement is offered
when the force exerted to move teeth is
opposite to that of their axial inclination .
•Ankylosed teeth :- Ankylosed teeth are directly
fixed to the alveolar bone and hence lack a
periodontal ligament .Orthodontic movements of
such teeth is not possible and they can therefore
severe as excellent anchores whenever possible .
•ALVEOLAR BONE:-
The alveolar bone that surround s a tooth offers
resistance to tooth movement up to a certain
amount of force and thus provide anchorage .
•BASAL BONE :- Certain areas of the basal jawbone are
available intraorally as source of anchorage .These areas
include the hard palate and the lingual surface of the
mandible in the region of the roots. These intraoral hard
areas of basal bone.
CLASSIFICATION OF ANCHORAGE (MOYERS)
According to the nature of force application:
• Simple anchorage
• Stationary anchorage
• Reciprocal anchorage
According to the jaw involved:
• Intramaxillary
• Intermaxillary
According to the site of anchorage :
• Intraoral
• Extraoral
• Cervical
• Occipital
• Cranial
• Facial
• Muscular
According to the number of anchorage units:
• Single or Primary anchorage .
• Compound anchorage.
• Multiple or reinforced anchorage.
ACCORDING TO THE NATURE OF FORCE
APPLICATION
1. Simple Anchorage:
It is defined as dental anchorage in
which the manner & application of force is such
that it tends to change the axial inclination of the
tooth or teeth that form the anchorage unit in the
plane of space in which the force is being applied
.Thus the resistance of the anchorage unit to
tipping is utilized tomove another tooth or teeth .
Simple anchorage is obtained by engaging with
the appliance a greater number of teeth than are
to be moved with in the same dental arch. The
combined root surface area of the teeth forming
the anchorage unit must be double that of the teeth
to be moved.
2.Stationary anchorage : It is defined as dental
anchorage in which the manner & application of
force tends to displace the anchorage unit bodily in
the plane of space in which the force is being
applied.
Example of a premolar extraction site ,if the
appliance were arranged so that the anterior teeth
could tip lingually while the posterior teeth could
only move bodily.
3.Reciprocal anchorage: In reciprocal situation
,the force applied to teeth and to arch segments
are equal ,and so is the force distribution in the
PDL. The term generally refers to the resistance
offered by two malposed unit when the dissipation
of equal and opposite forces tends to move each
unit towards a more normal occlusion .
Example :The two teeth or group of teeth of equal
anchorage value are made to move in opposite
directions. Example of reciprocal anchorage include
closure of a midline diastema by moving the two
central incisor toward each other .
ACCORDING TO THE JAW INVOLVED
1. Intramaxillary anchorage : When all the units
offering are situated within the same jaw the
anchorage is describe as intramaxillary . In this
type of anchorage the teeth to be moved and
the anchorage units are all situated either
entirely in the maxillary or the mandibular
arches.
2.Intermaxillary anchorage(Baker’s
anchorage): Anchorage in which the resistance
units situated in one jaw are used to effect tooth
movement in the opposing jaw is called
intermaxillary anchorage .
According to the site of anchorage :
1.Intraoral Anchorage : Anchorage in which all
the resistance units are situated within the oral
cavity . Various intraoral anatomic units that maybe
employed are the teeth ,palate and lingual alveolar
bone of mandible.
2.Extraoral Anchorage ; Anchorage in which the
resistance units are situated outside the oral cavity
is termed extraoral anchorage . Various extraoral
anatomic units as sites of resistance are occipital,
back of the neck , cranium and face.
A. Cervical anchorage
B. Occipital anchorage
C. Facial anchorage
A. Cervical anchorage : Extraoral anchorage can
alternatively be obtained from the neck or cervical
region . Such a type of headgear is called cervical
headgear.
B. Occipital anchorage : Extraoral anchorage can
be obtained by using headgear that derived
anchorage from the occipital or parietal region of
the cranium . these devices are used along
with a face bow to restrict
maxillary growth or to move
the dentition or maxillary
bone distally .
C. Facial anchorage :
The frontal bone and the
mandibular symphysis offers
anchorage during facemask
therapy in order to protract the
maxilla.
ACCORDING TO THE NUMBER OF
ANCHORAGE UNITS :
A)Single or primary anchorage : Anchorage were
the resistance provide by a single tooth with
greater alveolar support is used to move another
tooth with lesser support .
B)Compound Anchorage : Anchorage where the
resistance provided by more than one tooth with
greater support is used to move teeth with lesser
support .
Implants as Anchorage Units /Absolute
Anchorage ,Temporary Anchorage Devices(TAD):
A orthodontics have used teeth,intraoral appliances
and extraoral appliances to control anchorage
minimizing the movements of certain teeth ,while
completely the desire movements of the others.
There are limitation in ability to completely control all
aspects of tooth movement.
A temporary anchorage devices is that which is
temporary fixed to the bone for the purpose of
enhancing orthodontics anchorage either by
supporting the teeth of the reactive unit alltogether and
which is subsequently removed after use.
They can be located transosteally
subperiosteally
endosteally.
They can be fixed to bone ;Mechanically (Cortically
stabilized )
Biochemically (osseointergrated
THANK YOU !!!
