Protection, metering, and monitoring functions for generators.

Presented by:

m syukur siregar
Overview
Theory
Wiring
Security

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What a Generator looks like
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Overview

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 Existing generator and transformer protection (more than 5
years or non-digital) may:
◦ Cause protection security issues
 Tripping on through-faults, external faults, swings, load encroachment
and energizing
◦ May lack comprehensive monitoring and communications
capabilities
 Not provide valuable forensic info that can lead to rapid restoration
◦ Not be up to ANSI/IEEE Standards!
 Insurance, Asset Reliability and Personal Liability Issues
 C37-102: Guide for the Protection of Synchronous Generators
 C37.91: Guide for Transformer Protection

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Generator Management Relay
Product Overview
• Ideal Protection for Induction and
Synchronous Generators at 25, 50
and 60Hz
• Complete Generator Protection
including:
 Generator Stator Differential
 2 or 3 Zone Distance Backup
 100% Stator Ground
• High speed sampling, 12 samples per
cycle
• Drawout Case Installation
• Powerful Fault Recording: Waveform,
Sequence of Events
• Ethernet and Serial Communications
• Metering of all important parameters

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Theory

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 System
Ground
Stator
Ground
Exciter
The
"Wild"
G Power
System

Stator
Phase
System
Phase

 Internal and External Short Circuits

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◦ Abnormal Operating Conditions
 Loss of Synchronism
 Abnormal Frequency
 Overexcitation
 Field Loss
 Inadvertent Energizing
 Breaker Failure
 Loss of Prime Mover Power
 Blown VT Fuses
 Open Circuits

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 Overexcitation
Over Open
Power Loss of Field
Loss of Field Circuits
Overexcitation
Overexcitation

Exciter
The
"Wild"
G Power
System
Abnormal
Inadvertent Frequency
Abnormal Energizing,
Frequency Pole Flashover
Loss of
Reverse Breaker Synchronism
Power Failure

 Abnormal Operating Conditions

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◦ Conducted in early ’90s, showed many areas of protection
lacking

◦ Unwillingness to upgrade:
 Lack of expertise
 To recognize deficiency
 To perform the work
 “Generators don’t trip” (wrong)
 Operating procedures will save the day

PSRC = Power System Relay Committee

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 Latest developments reflected in:
◦ Std. 242: Buff Book
◦ C37.102: IEEE Guide for Generator Protection
◦ C37.101: IEEE Guide for AC Generator Ground
Protection
◦ C37.106: IEEE Guide for Abnormal Frequency
Protection for Power Generating Plants

These are created/maintained by the IEEE PSRC & IAS

They are updated every 5 years
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 32 Reverse Power
40 Loss of Excitation
51V voltage restraint
51G Ground overcurrent
87 Differential

 Small – up to 1 MW to 600V, 500 kVA if >600V

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 32 Reverse Power
40 Loss of Excitation
46 Negative Sequence
51V voltage restraint
51G Ground overcurrent
87 Differential

 Medium – up to 12.5 MW
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 32 Reverse Power
40 Loss of Excitation
46 Negative Sequence
49 Thermal Overload
51V voltage restraint
51G Ground overcurrent
64 Ground Relay
87 Differential

 Large – up to 50 MW
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 Unit
Connected,
 High Z
Grounded

32 Reverse Power
40 Loss of Excitation
46 Negative Sequence
49 Thermal Overload
51V voltage restraint
51G Ground overcurrent
64 Ground Relay
87 Differential

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Protection Functions
Protection Functions Include:
• Generator Stator Differential
• Backup Distance Protection
• 100% Stator Ground
• Generator Unbalance
• Loss of Excitation
• Accidental Energization
• Breaker Fail
• Phase Overcurrent – Voltage Restraint
• Neutral Inst. / Timed Overcurrent
• Neg. Sequence Overcurrent
• Under / Over Voltage
• Under / Over Frequency
• Generator Thermal Model
• RTD Temperature
• Overexcitation – Volts/Hertz

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 Reverse Power (32)
 Should be sensitive to 0.05 pu to properly detect motoring in large steam
turbines
 Existing E/M and Static relays not sensitive enough
 May cause shutdown difficulties
 Negative Sequence (46)
 Should be sensitive to low values to detect open poles/conductors on system
after GSU
 Existing E/M and Static relays not sensitive enough
 Long time low level events may cause excessive rotor heating, thermal tripping
and damage rotor
 100% Stator Ground (59N / 59D)
 Protects all of the stator winding
 Existing schemes typically only see 90%
 Stop low level fault near neutral from degrading into a high level fault and causing large
amounts of damage
 Very secure

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 Inadvertent Energizing (50/27)

◦ High speed tripping of unit after breaker accidentally closed

on dead machine, also pole flashover prior to syncing
 Most existing schemes do not incorporate
◦ Many schemes fail due to complexity (reliance on breaker
auxiliary switches, yard distance relays, etc.
◦ If breaker is not tripped rapidly, mechanical and electric
damage can occur to machine in fractions of a second!
◦ Pole flashovers must be cleared by high speed breaker
failure, as the breaker is open!

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Protection Functions
Generator Stator Differential
• Stator Phase Differential
• Dual Slope Percent Restraint Operating
Characteristic
• Directional Supervision under saturation
conditions

Distance Backup Protection Dual Slope Phase Differential

• 2 or 3 Zone Mho Distance Protection
• Backup for primary line protection
• Configurable Reach and Angle Distance
Characteristic

100% Stator Ground Protection

• 95% Fundamental OverVoltage
• 15% Third Harmonic UnderVoltage
Two Zone Distance Backup

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Protection Functions
Voltage Protection
• Phase Overvoltage
• Phase Undervoltage
• Neutral Overvoltage (fundamental)
• Neutral Undervoltage (3rd Harmonic)
• Voltage Phase Reversal
Voltage Restraint Overcurrent
Current Protection
• Phase, Ground and Negative Sequence
Overcurrent Tripping
• IEC, ANSI , IAC and Customizable
Overcurrent Curves
• Voltage Restraint increasing sensitivity under
low voltage conditions

Frequency Protection
• Overfrequency
• Underfrequency Undervoltage Trip Curves

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Protection Functions
Thermal Protection
• Generator Thermal Model
• RTD Alarming and Tripping
• RTD Biased Thermal Model

Inadvertent Energization
• Prevents Accidentally Closing a Stopped
Generator onto a Live Line
• Armed when Generator is Offline and Voltage is
Thermal Model – Voltage
below a pre-set level Dependant Overload Curves

Loss of Excitation (show Training CD)

• Uses Impedance Circle for loss of excitation
detection
• 2 Zones for fault detection and control

Volt/Hertz (Overexcitation)
• Detects changes in the Volts/Hertz ratio of the
generator or associated transformer Loss of Excitation

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Wiring

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Enhanced Security
Prevents Unauthorized Access and Provide Traceability

Security Audit Trail • Date/time

security report
was generated
• Date and time of hardware,
firmware or setting changes to • Description of
the GE Multilin
your relays Relay
• Summary of the
• Logging of the MAC address of last time the
computers and users making configuration
settings changes was changed

• Track method of how settings • History of last 10

changes were made (i.e. keypad, occurrences the
configuration
serial port, ethernet) was changed

Security strategy – conforms to industry and regulated guidelines

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