UNIT 2 & 3
EM-I (REE 402)
DC MACHINES
CONSTRUCTIONAL DIAGRAM
ARMATURE CORE
ARMATURE WINDING
Lap Wound Armatures are used in machines designed for low voltage and high
current armatures are constructed with large wire because of high current .The
windings of a lap wound armature are connected in parallel. This permits the
current capacity of each winding to be added and provides a higher operating
current (A=P).
Wave Wound Armatures are used in machines designed for high voltage and
low current their windings connected in series. When the windings are connected
in series, the voltage of each winding adds, but the current capacity remains the
same (A=2).
D.C. Motor Principle
Back or Counter E.M.F.
Back or Counter E.M.F. Contd..
Voltage Equation of DC Motor
Types of DC Motor
Types of DC Motor Contd..
Torque of a DC Motor
Where,
PZ
I a PZ isis Total Number of Poles.
2A Total Number of Armature Conductors.
A is Number of Parallel Paths.
Ia is Current in the armature in Amperes.
φ is flux per pole in Wb.
Necessity of DC Motor Starter
Types of DC Motor Starter
THREE POINT
STARTER
Operation of Three Point Starter
Drawback of Three Point Starter
Four-Point Starter
Speed Control of DC Motor
Speed Control of DC Shunt Motors
Advantages & Disadvantages of Flux Control
Speed Control of DC Shunt Motors Contd..
Disadvantages of Armature Control
Speed Control of DC Series Motor
Speed Control of DC Series Motor Contd..
Speed Control of DC Series Motor Contd..
Ward Leonard Method Of Speed Control
OR
Armature Voltage Control
Ward Leonard Method Of Speed Control
OR
Armature Voltage Control
Ward Leonard Method of speed control is achieved by
varying the applied voltage to the armature. This method was
introduced in 1891. The connection diagram of the Ward
Leonard method of speed control of a DC shunt motor is
shown in the figure.
In the above system, M is the main DC motor whose speed is
to be controlled, and G is a separately excited DC generator.
The generator G is driven by a 3 phase driving motor which
may be an induction motor or a synchronous motor. The
combination of AC driving motor and the DC generator is
called the Motor-Generator (M-G) set.
Ward Leonard Method Of Speed Control
OR
Armature Voltage Control
The voltage of the generator is changed by changing the generator field
current. This voltage when directly applied to the armature of the main
DC motor, the speed of the motor M changes. The motor field current
Ifm is kept constant so that the motor field flux ϕm also remains
constant. While the speed of the motor is controlled, the motor
armature current Ia is kept equal to its rated value.
The generated field current Ifg is varied such that the armature voltage
Vt changes from zero to its rated value. The speed will change from
zero to the base speed. Since the speed control is carried out with the
rated current Ia and with the constant motor field flux, a constant
torque is directly proportional to the armature current, and field flux up
to rated speed is obtained. The product of torque and speed is known as
power, and it is proportional to speed. Thus, with the increase in power,
speed increases automatically.
Losses in DC Machine
Losses in DC Machine Contd..
Losses in DC Machine Contd..
Losses in DC Machine Contd..
Laminating a core increases the core
resistance which decreases the eddy
current and hence the eddy current
losses.
Losses in DC Machine Contd..
Efficiency
Efficiency of dc machine
Efficiency of DC Motor
output output
input output losses
TESTING OF DC MACHINES
Swinburne’s test (No-Load Test)
Hopkinson’s test
Swinburne’s Test
This is a no-load test and hence cannot be performed on a series motor. Figure
shows the connections for the test. The motor is run at no-load at rated speed.
Field current is adjusted to a rated value for accurate determination of no-load
loss (Pio + Pwf). The machine would run at higher than rated speed with a rated
armature voltage. Therefore a series resistor in the armature circuit is employed
to reduce voltage applied to the motor armature such that it runs at rated speed.
Swinburne’s Test
Calculation of Constant losses:
Swinburne’s Test
Calculation of Variable losses:
The armature resistance (inclusive of brush contact drop assumed
approximately linear) is measured by a dc test by passing a rated armature
current from a battery supply. Then
The stray load-loss can be neglected or estimated as 1% of rated output at full
load.
Swinburne’s Test
Efficiency can now be calculated at any load current on
the following lines:
Generator:
Motor:
Hopkinson’s Test
Hopkinsons Test – This is a regenerative test in which two identical
dc shunt machines are coupled mechanically and tested
simultaneously. One of the machines is made to act as a motor
driving the other as a generator which supplies electric power to
motor. The set therefore draws only loss-power from the mains while
the individual machines can be fully loaded.
Hopkinson’s Test
One of the machines of the set is started as a motor (starter
connections are not shown in the figure) and brought to speed. The
two machines are paralleled by means of switch S after checking that
similar polarities of the machine are connected across the switch.
If this is the case, the voltage across the switch can be almost
reduced to zero by adjustment of the field currents of the machines.
Otherwise the polarities of either one of the armatures or one of the
fields must be reversed and the set restarted.
The switch S is closed after checking that voltage across it is
negligible so that heavy circulating current will not flow in the local
loop of armatures on closing the switch.
Hopkinson’s Test
The speed of the set and electric loading of the machines
can be adjusted by means of rheostats placed in the two
field circuits. The cause-effect relationship to load
variation is given below:
Computation of losses and
efficiencies
Power input from the supply = VIL = total losses of both the machines
Armature copper loss of the motor = I2am Ra
Field copper loss of the motor = I2shm Rshm
Armature copper loss of the generator = I2ag Ra
Field copper loss of the generator = = I2shg Rshg
The constant losses Pc like iron, friction and windage losses are assumed to be equal and
is written as given below.
Constant losses of both the machines = Power drawn from the supply – Armature and
shunt copper losses of both the machines.
Assuming that the constant losses known as stray losses are divided
equally between the two machines.
Total stray loss per machine = ½ PC
Efficiency of Generator
Output = VIag
Constant losses for generator is given as PC/2
Armature copper loss = I2ag Ra
Field copper loss = I2shg Rshg
The Efficiency of the generator is given by the equation
shown below
Efficiency of Motor
Constant losses of the motor is given as PC/2
Armature copper loss = I2am Ra
Field copper loss = I2shm Rshm
The Efficiency of the motor is given by the equation shown below
Advantages:
The main advantages of using Hopkinson’s test are as
follows:-
This method is very economical.
The temperature rise and the commutation conditions can
be checked under rated load conditions.
Stray losses are considered, as both the machines are
operated under rated load conditions.
Large machines can be tested at rated load without
consuming much power from the supply.
Efficiency at different loads can be determined.
Disadvantages:
The main disadvantage of this method is the necessity of
two practically identical machines for performing the
Hopkinson’s test. Hence, this test is suitable for large DC
machines.
Applications of DC Motor
