11.1.
2 Message and Message Digest
The electronic equivalent of the document and fingerprint
pair is the message and digest pair.
Figure 11.1 Message and digest
11.1
11.1.4 Checking Integrity
Figure 11.2 Checking integrity
11.2
11.1.5 Cryptographic Hash Function Criteria
A cryptographic hash function must satisfy three criteria:
preimage resistance, second preimage resistance, and
collision resistance.
Figure 11.3 Criteria of a cryptographic hash function
11.3
11.1.5 Continued
Preimage Resistance
Figure 11.4 Preimage
11.4
11.1.5 Continued
Second Preimage Resistance
Figure 11.5 Second preimage
11.5
11.1.5 Continued
Collision Resistance
Figure 11.6 Collision
11.6
12.1.1 Iterated Hash Function
Merkle-Damgard Scheme
Figure 12.1 Merkle-Damgard scheme
12.7
12.1.2 Continued
12.8
SHA-512
SHA-512 is the version of SHA with a 512-bit message
digest. This version, like the others in the SHA family
of algorithms, is based on the Merkle-Damgard
scheme.
Topics discussed in this section:
Introduction
Compression Function
12.9
12.2.1 Introduction
Figure 12.6 Message digest creation SHA-512
12.10
12.2.1 Continued
Message Preparation
SHA-512 insists that the length of the original message be
less than 2128 bits.
Note
SHA-512 creates a 512-bit message digest out of a
message less than 2128.
12.11
12.2.1 Continued
Example 12.1
This example shows that the message length limitation of SHA-512
is not a serious problem. Suppose we need to send a message that
is 2128 bits in length. How long does it take for a communications
network with a data rate of 264 bits per second to send this
message?
Solution
A communications network that can send 264 bits per second is not
yet available. Even if it were, it would take many years to send this
message. This tells us that we do not need to worry about the
SHA-512 message length restriction.
12.12
12.2.1 Continued
Example 12.2
This example also concerns the message length in SHA-512. How
many pages are occupied by a message of 2128 bits?
Solution
Suppose that a character is 32, or 26, bits. Each page is less than
2048, or approximately 212, characters. So 2128 bits need at least
2128 / 218, or 2110, pages. This again shows that we need not worry
about the message length restriction.
12.13
12.2.1 Continued
Figure 12.7 Padding and length field in SHA-512
12.14
12.2.1 Continued
Example 12.3
What is the number of padding bits if the length of the original
message is 2590 bits?
Solution
We can calculate the number of padding bits as follows:
The padding consists of one 1 followed by 353 0’s.
12.15
12.2.1 Continued
Example 12.4
Do we need padding if the length of the original message is already
a multiple of 1024 bits?
Solution
Yes we do, because we need to add the length field. So padding is
needed to make the new block a multiple of 1024 bits.
12.16
12.2.1 Continued
Example 12.5
What is the minimum and maximum number of padding bits that
can be added to a message?
Solution
a. The minimum length of padding is 0 and it happens when
(−M − 128) mod 1024 is 0. This means that |M| = −128 mod
1024 = 896 mod 1024 bits. In other words, the last block in the
original message is 896 bits. We add a 128-bit length field to
make the block complete.
12.17
12.2.1 Continued
Example 12.5 Continued
b) The maximum length of padding is 1023 and it happens when
(−|M| −128) = 1023 mod 1024. This means that the length of the
original message is |M| = (−128 −1023) mod 1024 or the length
is |M| = 897 mod 1024. In this case, we cannot just add the
length field because the length of the last block exceeds one bit
more than 1024. So we need to add 897 bits to complete this
block and create a second block of 896 bits. Now the length can
be added to make this block complete.
12.18
12.2.1 Continued
Words
Figure 12.8 A message block and the digest as words
12.19
12.2.1 Continued
Word Expansion
Figure 12.9 Word expansion in SHA-512
12.20
12.2.1 Continued
Example 12.6
Show how W60 is made.
Solution
Each word in the range W16 to W79 is made from four
previously-made words. W60 is made as
12.21
12.2.1 Continued
Message Digest Initialization
12.22
12.2.2 Compression Function
Figure 12.10 Compression function in SHA-512
12.23
12.2.2 Continued
Figure 12.11 Structure of each round in SHA-512
12.24
12.2.2 Continued
Majority Function
Conditional Function
Rotate Functions
12.25
12.2.2 Continued
12.26
12.2.2 Continued
There are 80 constants, K0 to K79, each of 64 bits. Similar
These values are calculated from the first 80 prime
numbers (2, 3,…, 409). For example, the 80th prime is
409, with the cubic root (409)1/3 = 7.42291412044.
Converting this number to binary with only 64 bits in the
fraction part, we get
The fraction part: (6C44198C4A475817)16
12.27
12.2.2 Continued
Example 12.7
We apply the Majority function on buffers A, B, and C. If the
leftmost hexadecimal digits of these buffers are 0x7, 0xA, and 0xE,
respectively, what is the leftmost digit of the result?
Solution
The digits in binary are 0111, 1010, and 1110.
a. The first bits are 0, 1, and 1. The majority is 1.
b. The second bits are 1, 0, and 1. The majority is 1.
c. The third bits are 1, 1, and 1. The majority is 1.
d. The fourth bits are 1, 0, and 0. The majority is 0.
The result is 1110, or 0xE in hexadecimal.
12.28
12.2.2 Continued
Example 12.8
We apply the Conditional function on E, F, and G buffers. If the
leftmost hexadecimal digits of these buffers are 0x9, 0xA, and 0xF
respectively, what is the leftmost digit of the result?
Solution
The digits in binary are 1001, 1010, and 1111.
a. The first bits are 1, 1, and 1. The result is F1, which is 1.
b. The second bits are 0, 0, and 1. The result is G2, which is 1.
c. The third bits are 0, 1, and 1. The result is G3, which is 1.
d. The fourth bits are 1, 0, and 1. The result is F4, which is 0.
The result is 1110, or 0xE in hexadecimal.
12.29
12.2.3 Analysis
With a message digest of 512 bits, SHA-512 expected to be
resistant to all attacks, including collision attacks.
12.30
MD5
designed by Ronald Rivest (the R in RSA)
latest in a series of MD2, MD4
produces a 128-bit hash value
until recently was the most widely used hash
algorithm
in recent times have both brute-force &
cryptanalytic concerns
specified as Internet standard RFC1321
MD5 Overview
1. pad message so its length is 448 mod 512
2. append a 64-bit length value to message
3. initialise 4-word (128-bit) MD buffer (A,B,C,D)
4. process message in 16-word (512-bit) blocks:
using 4 rounds of 16 bit operations on message block &
buffer
add output to buffer input to form new buffer value
5. output hash value is the final buffer value
MD5 Overview
MD5 Compression Function
each round has 16 steps of the form:
a = b+((a+g(b,c,d)+X[k]+T[i])<<<s)
a,b,c,d refer to the 4 words of the buffer,
but used in varying permutations
note this updates 1 word only of the buffer
after 16 steps each word is updated 4 times
where g(b,c,d) is a different nonlinear
function in each round (F,G,H,I)
T[i] is a constant value derived from sin
MD5 Compression Function
Strength of MD5
MD5 hash is dependent on all message bits
Rivest claims security is good as can be
known attacks are:
Berson 92 attacked any 1 round using differential
cryptanalysis (but can’t extend)
Boer & Bosselaers 93 found a pseudo collision (again
unable to extend)
Dobbertin 96 created collisions on MD compression
function (but initial constants prevent exploit)
conclusion is that MD5 looks vulnerable soon
