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Intro to Machine Learning Basics

The document introduces machine learning, defining it as the study of algorithms that improve performance at some task based on experience. It discusses the differences between traditional programming and machine learning, and provides examples of tasks that are well-suited for machine learning like pattern recognition, generation, and prediction. A variety of applications of machine learning are also listed, along with examples of defining learning tasks and different types of learning.

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650 views11 pages

Intro to Machine Learning Basics

The document introduces machine learning, defining it as the study of algorithms that improve performance at some task based on experience. It discusses the differences between traditional programming and machine learning, and provides examples of tasks that are well-suited for machine learning like pattern recognition, generation, and prediction. A variety of applications of machine learning are also listed, along with examples of defining learning tasks and different types of learning.

Uploaded by

yashwanth
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to

Machine Learning

Dr. Parminder Singh


Asst. Professor
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Lovely Professional University, India
Contact no. +91 9464040069
Email: parminder.16479@lpu.co.in, ps.parminder@outlook.com
What is Machine Learning?
“Learning is any process by which a system improves
performance from experience.”
- Herbert Simon

Definition by Tom Mitchell (1998):


Machine Learning is the study of algorithms that
• improve their performance P
• at some task T
• with experience E.
A well-defined learning task is given by <P, T, E>.
What is the difference between traditional
programming and machine learning?
• Traditional Programming

• Machine Learning
So What Is Machine Learning?
• Automating automation
• Getting computers to program themselves
• Writing software is the bottleneck
• Let the data do the work instead!
Magic?
No, more like gardening

• Seeds = Algorithms
• Nutrients = Data
• Gardener = You
• Plants = Programs
When Do We Use Machine Learning?
ML is used when:
• Human expertise does not exist (navigating on Mars)
• Humans can’t explain their expertise (speech recognition)
• Models must be customized (personalized medicine)
• Models are based on huge amounts of data (genomics)

Learning isn’t always useful:


• There is no need to “learn” to calculate payroll
Some more examples of tasks that are best
solved by using a learning algorithm
• Recognizing patterns:
– Facial identities or facial expressions
– Handwritten or spoken words
– Medical images
• Generating patterns:
– Generating images or motion sequences
• Recognizing anomalies:
– Unusual credit card transactions
– Unusual patterns of sensor readings in a nuclear power
plant
• Prediction:
– Future stock prices or currency exchange rates
Sample Applications
• Web search
• Computational biology
• Finance
• E-commerce
• Space exploration
• Robotics
• Information extraction
• Social networks
• Debugging software
• [Your favorite area]
Defining the Learning Task
Improve on task T, with respect to
performance metric P, based on experience E
T: Playing checkers
P: Percentage of games won against an arbitrary opponent
E: Playing practice games against itself

T: Recognizing hand-written words


P: Percentage of words correctly classified
E: Database of human-labeled images of handwritten words

T: Driving on four-lane highways using vision sensors


P: Average distance traveled before a human-judged error
E: A sequence of images and steering commands recorded while observing a
human driver.

T: Categorize email messages as spam or legitimate.


P: Percentage of email messages correctly classified.
E: Database of emails, some with human-given labels
Types of Learning
• Supervised (inductive) learning
– Given: training data + desired outputs (labels)
• Unsupervised learning
– Given: training data (without desired outputs)
• Semi-supervised learning
– Given: training data + a few desired outputs
• Reinforcement learning
– Rewards from sequence of actions
Machine Learning in Practice
• Understanding domain, prior knowledge, and
goals
• Data integration, selection, cleaning,
pre-processing, etc.
• Learning models
• Interpreting results
• Consolidating and deploying discovered
knowledge
• Loop

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