DEPARTMENT OF
PHYSICS RTMNU
GUIDED BY: ROSHNI BEESHAM PAHUJA
Dr. P.M. GADE M.Sc I SEM
CURVE FITTING
The general problem of finding
equation of approximating curves
which fit given set of data is called
CURVE FITTING.
It involves the determination of
the continuous function y=f(x)
which results in best fit for given
set of values of
(x1,y1),(x2,y2),…,(xn,yn).
There are various method
available for curve fitting but
method of least square is the
most popular method.
METHOD OF LEAST SQUARE
• The method of least square
is a standard approach to the
approximate solution of
overdetermined systems,
i.e., sets of equations in
which there are more
equations than unknowns.
•"Least squares" means that the overall solution minimizes
the sum of the squares of the errors made in the results of
every single equation.
PRINCIPLE OF LEAST SQUARE
Let y=f(x) be equation of curve to be fitted to given data
points at
A curve is a best fit if the sum of the squares of deviations
of the individual points from the curve is minimum.
Let y= a+bx be the straight line to
given data points.
deviation=yi - f(xi)
R²= ∑(yi-f(xi))² (R=∑deviation)
On simplification of above 2 equations
Above two equation are normal
equations.
Solving them gives the value of a
and b which completes the
equation y=a+bx
Example of a Straight Line
Fit a straight line to the x and y values in the
following Table:
xi yi xi yi xi2
∑ xi = 28 ∑yi = 24 .0
1 0.5 0.5 1
2
2 2.5 5 4 ∑x i =140 ∑ x i y i =119.5
3 2 6 9
4 4 16 16
5 3.5 17.5 25
6 6 36 36
7 5.5 38.5 49
28 24 119.5 140
a1 = n∑ xi yi −
∑ xi ∑ yi
n∑ xi − ( ∑ xi )
2 2
7 ×119.5 − 28 ×24
= = 0.8392857
7 ×140 − 28
2
a 0 = y −a1x
= 3.428571 − 0.8392857 × 4 = 0.07142857
Y = 0.07142857 + 0.8392857 x
Example Of Other Curve
Fit the following Equation:
b
y= a x
b
log y = log(a x )
to the data in the following table:
xi yi X=log x Y=logy i log y = log a + b log x
i
1 0.5 0 -0.301 Let Y = log y, X = log x,
2 1.7 0.301 0.226
3 3.4 a 0 =log a , a = b
0.477 0.534 1
4 5.7 0.602 0.753 Y = a0+ a1 X
5 8.4 0.699 0.922
15 19.7 2.079 2.141
Xi Yi X*i=Log(X) Y*i=Log(Y) X*Y* X*^2
1 0.5 0.0000 -0.3010 0.0000 0.0000
2 1.7 0.3010 0.2304 0.0694 0.0906
3 3.4 0.4771 0.5315 0.2536 0.2276
4 5.7 0.6021 0.7559 0.4551 0.3625
5 8.4 0.6990 0.9243 0.6460 0.4886
Sum 15 19.700 2.079 2.141 1.424 1.169
n ∑xi yi − ∑x ∑ y
i i 5 ×1.424− 2.079 ×2.141 1.75
a1 = = =
n∑ x²i − ( ∑x i ) 2 5 × 1.169 − 2.0792
a0 = y − a1x =0.4282 −1.75 × 0.41584= − 0.334
CURVE FITTING
log y=-0.334+1.75log x
1.75
y = 0.46x
APPLICATIONS AND ADVANTAGES
The most important application is in data fitting.
The best fit in the least-squares sense minimizes
the sum of squared residuals, a residual being the
difference between an observed value and the
fitted value provided by a model.
The graphical method has its drawbacks of being
unable to give a unique curve of fit .It fails to give
us values of unknown constants whereas principle of
Least square provides us with a elegant procedure to
do so.
EULER’S METHOD
The Euler’s method is a technique of developing linear
approximation to the numerical solution of a
differential equation using the initial point and the slope
of the curve at the initial point.
Euler’s Method
Consider following first order
ordinary differential equation
f x, y , y 0 y 0
dy
dx
Rise
Slope
Run
y1 y0
x1 x0
f x0 , y 0
y1 y0 f x0 , y0 x1 x0
y0 f x0 , y0 h
Graphical interpretation of the first step of Euler’s method
Euler’s Method
General equations:
yi 1 yi f xi , yi h
h xi 1 xi
Example
Question : Apply Euler’s Method to solve y’=x+y .Given
y(0)=0.Find y at x=0.8 using step length 0.2 .
Solution : Given,
y’=x+y , y(0)=0 ,h=0.2
Than using Euler’s Method
yn+1=yn+hf(xn,yn) …………..(1)
Putting n=0, for finding first approximation than we have,
y1=y0+hf(x0,y0)
y1=0+0.2×0 =0
Putting n=1, for finding second approximation than we have,
y2=y1+hf(x1,y1)
Example
y2=0+0.2× 0.2 =0.4
Putting n=2, for finding third approximation than we have,
y3=y2+hf(x2,y2)
y3=0.04+0.2× .44=0.128
Putting n=3, for finding forth approximation than we have,
y4=y3+hf(x3,y3)
y4=0.128+0.2×0.728=0.2736
At y(0.8)=0.2736
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
The main advantage of the Euler method is that it's
one of the most basic numerical method of
numerically integrating ordinary differential
equations.
A downside however is that it can sometimes have a
tendency to be unstable due to round off error and
discretization error unless you take small steps i.e
‘h’ in the algorithm.
