SURVEY, SYSTEM DESIGN, ENGINEERING FOR LINE

OF SIGHT LINKS AND GUIDELINES FOR SURVEY

CONTENTS
1. Transmission Concepts.
2. Parameters for path loss calculations
3. Survey of LOS links:
• Preliminary survey
• Map studies
• Detailed survey
4. Feasibility study and report generation
5. Guidelines for LOS Survey
6. Transmission Planning Guidelines-Nokia for Bharti
Cellular Limited

1
 LINE OF SIGHT LINKS (LOS)
AIMS OF THE COURSE
• TO ENABLE YOU TO PLAN LINE OF SIGHT POINT TO POINT
MICROWAVE LINKS AND PERDICT THE PERFORMANCEOF
THE LINK YOU HAVE PLANNED.
• STUDY OF SURVEY OF INDIA MAPS, MARKING OF SITES,
ESTABLISHING OF HOP AND LOCATION OF CRITICAL POINTS.
• CARRY OUT SURVEY, WHICH IS MOST IMPORTANT PART OF
LINK DESIGNING TO FIND OUT WHAT IS GOING TO BE THE
TOWER HEIGHTS BETWEEN ANY TWO POINTS OF A HOP.

2
 LINE OF SIGHT LINKS (LOS)
(PURPOSE AND REQUIREMENT)

1. Purpose
• For the establishment of short / long haul LOS links
• Feasibility studies
• Submission of tenders
• Up gradation of existing links
2. Requirements of LOS links
• Signals follow straight lines
• Signals are affected by free space attenuation and
precipitation
• Use of frequencies greater than 150 MHz
• Use of spread spectrum and time sharing techniques
3
TRANSMISSION CONCEPTS
A simplified transmission system:

Transmission Media
Receiver
Transmitter

4
 TRANSMISSION CONCEPTS
Types of Media:
1. Open wire copper cable system
2. Coaxial cable systems
3. High frequency radio communication systems
4. Line of sight communication systems
5. Troposphere scatter systems
6. Satellite communication systems
7. Optical fiber cable systems

5
 TRANSMISSION CONCEPTS
Transmission Concepts:
1. Decibel (dB):- The decibel is a unit that describes a ratio.
Number of decibels (dB)=10 log10 P2/P1, P1 is lower and P2 is higher
power.
P1 P2 P1=1000W
If P1=1W P2=1W
Network
P2=2W Loss dB=10 log 1000/1
Gain dB=10 log 2/1 =30 dB
=3 dB

2. dBm:- Is a power level related to 1 m W power (0 dBm=1 mW)

Power (dBm) = 10 log power (mW)/1 mW
If power of an amplifier is 20 W, What’s it output in dBm?
Power dBm = 10 log 20x103 mW/1 mW = + 43 dBm
(Plus sign indicates that the quantity is above reference of 0 dBm)
If input to a network is 0.0004 W, What’s the input in dBm?
Power dBm = 10 log 4 x 10-1 mW/1 mW = - 4 dBm
(minus sign indicates that the quantity is below reference of 0 dBm)
6
 TRANSMISSION CONCEPTS
3. dBW:- is extensively used in dBm dBW Watts
microwave applications. It is an +66 +36 4000
absolute decibel unit referred to
+60 +30 1000
1W.
+33 +13 20
Power level (dBW) = 10 log power
(W) /1 W (+30 dBm=0 dBW) +33 +3 2

4. dBmV:- is extensively used in video +30 0 1

transmission. It is voltage level in mill watts
decibels above and below 1 mV +30 0 1000
across 75 Ω.
+27 -3 500
Voltage level dBmV
+20 -10 100
=20 log mV/1 mV
+10 -20 10
10 V = + 80 dBmV
+7 -23 5
1V = + 60 dBmV
0 -30 1
1mV = 0
1µV = -60 dBmV -10 -40 0.1

7
 TRANSMISSION CONCEPTS
Signal-to-Noise Ratio: The signal-to-noise ratio expressed in decibels (dB) is
the amount by which a signal level exceeds its corresponding noise.
60 Signal

30

2
0 Noise
0

Frequency

S/N dB = Signal Level dBm – Noise Level dBm

Noise Figure: All networks active or passive contribute noise to a transmission
system. The noise figure is a measure produced by a practical network
compared to an ideal network i.e. one that is noise less. For a linear system
noise figure is expressed by:-
NF (dB) = 10 log 10 Signal-to-Noise in / Signal-to Noise out

8
 TRANSMISSION CONCEPTS
Effective Isotropic ally Radiated Power (EIRP): This is an antenna
performance expressed in dBm or dBW over an isotropic antenna,
which radiates energy uniformly in all directions and has a gain of 1
or 0 dB and is an imaginary antenna used as a reference.
High Frequency Radio (HF): Radio frequency transmission between 3
and 30 MHz is called HF. HF propagation is characterized by
ground waves and sky wave component.
• Ground waves follow surface of the earth and can provide useful
communication up to about 650 Km.
• Sky waves permits reliable communication (up to 90 % path
reliability) for distances of 6500 Km and even more. The ionosphere
is the key to HF sky wave communication*.

9
 TRANSMISSION CONCEPTS
Terminal, Repeater (R/R), Drop Insert, Hop and Link concept for LOS
links:
Terminal-B
Microwave Vs OFC Route
Hop-10
65 Km
R/R-9

139 Km
Hop-9
R/R-7
Drop Insert-4 R/R-5 Drop Insert-8
Hop-8

Hop-4 Hop-5
Hop-7
Hop-6
R/R-3
130 Km
Hop-3 R/R-6

R/R-1 R/R-2
Hop-2
Hop-1

Terminal-A
10
 LINE OF SIGHT LINKS (LOS)
(LINK ENGINEERING)
1. Selection of sites which are in line-of-sight of each other
2. Selection of an operational frequency
3. Development of path profiles to determine economic tower
heights
4. Path calculations so as to achieve
• Desired reliability for given fade margin and threshold level
5. Making path survey to ensure correctness of steps 1-4
6. Equipment configuration to achieve fade margins
7. Establishment of frequency plan
8. Finalization of bill of quantities
9. Placement of orders for equipments & towers
10. Installation testing and commissioning of links

11
 LINE OF SIGHT LINKS (LOS)
(LINK ENGINEERING)

GENERAL FREQUENCY ASSIGNMENTS (BANDS)

FREQUENCY WAVE LENGTH (CM)
1. LF : 30 kHz-300 kHz
2. MF : 300 kHz-3 MHz
3. HF : 3 MHZ-30 MHz
4. VHF : 30 MHZ-300 MHz
5. UHF : 300 MHz-3GHz
6. SHF : 3 GHz-30 GHz 100mm-10mm
7. EHF : 30 GHz-300 GHZ
THESE BANDS ARE FURTHER DIVIDED INTO SUB-
BANDS
12
 PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS
(Limitations of Line of Sight Systems)

How far we can go: The range of LOS microwave systems is limited by:-
• Curvature of earth-Actual
• Technical radio characteristics (K-factor)-Modified Earth Curvature
• Actual Obstructions en-route in each hop
• RF effect of fresnel zone
• Path loss
• Transmitter power
• Antenna gains
• Transmission line looses
• Frequency of operation
• Received power
• Receiver threshold
• Signal to noise ratio
• Fade margin required
• Desired reliability of link

13
 PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS
(Design of Line of Sight Microwave Links)

Link Design: The design of microwave links, involves three sets of

calculations.
1. Working out antenna heights for the link.
• K-factor is major dominant variable.
• Earth bulge.
• Fresnel zone radius.
• Actual obstructions on the route
• Path Loss
• Operating frequency.
• Path profile: it indicates the distance from one of the transmitter
site where obstructions to the line of sight radio link may occur.
The object of this calculation is to arrange tower heights along the
entire route of the link, so that an obstruction in the path does not
enter into the fresnel zone by a specified amount for a specified
K-factor used.

14
 PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS
(Design of Line of Sight Microwave Links)

2. To determine equipment and other parameters for each hop.

• Transmit power.
• Antenna type and gain.
• Transmission type.
• Other losses. (Absorption, Diffraction, Reflection or Scattering etc.)
• Maximum received power.
• Receiver threshold.
This will decide the thermal fade margin, which we will be able to get for each hop.
3. To determine the reliability of each hop and overall reliability of the link.
• Climatic factor.
• Terrain roughness.
• Average annual temperature
• Annual rain.
This will decide, what is total expected outage time per annum for each hop as well as for
the entire link.

15
 PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS
(Free Space Loss)

PROPAGATION:
1. Free space loss: consider a signal is traveling between transmitter at
“A” to a receiver at “B”. There is for a given frequency and distance, a
characteristic loss. This loss increases with both distance and
frequency. It is known as free space loss.

Free space loss LdB=92.44+20 log10 F+20 log( 10 D

Where F is in GHz and D is in km's.
If D is 40 Km and F is 6 GHz, then free space in dB
LdB=92.44+20 log 40+20 log 6
=92.44+20*1.6021+20*0.7782

=92.44+32.042+15.564=140.046 dB

16
 PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS
(Free Space Loss)

Free space loss:

• Example:- Free space loss if F=2.5 GHz and D=30 Km
FSL (dB) = 92.44 + 20 log 2.5 + 20 log 30
=92.44 + 20*0.398 + 20*1.478
=92.44 + 7.96 + 29.56 = 129.96 dB
Now, if F=7.5 GHz (changed) and D=30 Km (unchanged)
FSL (dB) = 92.44 + 20 log 7.5 + 20 log 30
=92.44 + 20*0.875 + 20*1.478
=92.44 + 17.5 + 29.56 = 139.5 dB
Now, if F=2.5 GHz (unchanged) and D=40 Km (changed)
FSL (dB) = 92.44 + 20 log 2.5 + 20 log 40
=92.44 + 20*0.398 + 20*1.602
=92.44 + 7.96 + 32.04 = 132.44 dB
It can be seen, that, free space loss increases both with distance and
frequency

17
 PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS
(Fictitious Earth Curvature)

2. Earth bulge and K-factor:

• The propagation of radio beam is affected by atmospheric conditions and the
obstructions on the way. It can be subjected to:
Diffraction
Reflection
Refraction
Most important is refraction, which is caused by changes in the density of
atmospheric layers confronted by the radio beam front.
• The curvature of earth and slight bending of waves as it is refracted downwards by
the earth’s atmosphere are two factors, that, must be considered while making
path profiles.
• The earth’s curvature and microwave beam refraction are combined to form
fictitious earth curvature or earth bulge.
• EARTH CURVATURE (M) = 0.078 x d1 x d2 / K
• WHERE K = EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS/TRUE EARTH RADIUS
EARTH BULGE = d1 x d2 / 12.75 x K
EARTH BULGE FOR K=4/3 = d1 x d2 / 17
EARTH BULGE FOR K=2/3 = d1 x d2 / 8.5

18
 PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS
( TOWER HEIGHT FOR DIFFERENT VALUES OF K)

ACTIVITY UNIT F=6.5 F=6.5 F=2.4 F=2.4

GHz GHz GHz GHz
d1 distance from higher station Km 15 16 21 22.5
d2 distance from lower station Km 15 16 21 22.5
D hop distance Km 30 32 42 45.0
Ea higher HASL M 400 400 400 400
Eb lower HASL M 300 300 300 300
Ep height of obstruction M 330 330 330 330
Earth bulge for K=4/3 (d1 x d2 /17) M 13.23 15.06 25.94 29.78
Earth bulge for K=2\3 (d1 x d2/8.5) M 26.46 30.12 51.88 59.56
F first fresnel zone radius M 19.76 20.44 40.60 42.18
0.3 F M 5.93 6.13 12.18 12.66
Clearance CL-1=K 4/3 + F M 32.99 35.50. 66.54 71.96
Clearance CL-2=K2/3 + 0.3 F M 32.39 36.25 64.06 72.22
19
 PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS
(EARTH BULGE FOR VARIOUS K- FACTORS)

2
DISTANCE FROM CENTER OF PATH d

h=2d /3K
h is in feet and d is in miles
h
d 7 /6
K=
2 /3
K=
15
1 /2
K=

/3
10.58 K=4
2
5/1
K=
1
K=

112 225
DEPARTURE FROM A LEVEL TANGENT, h

20
 PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS
(Fresnel Zone)
3. Fresnel zone:
• The radio beam energy travels in an ellipsoidal wave front, the
different components of which maintains different path lengths.
• The distance from microwave beam’s center is commonly
measured in fresnel zones to take into account both frequency
and distance.
• The first fresnel zone (FFZ) is the surface of the point along which
the distance to the ends of the path is exactly ½ wave length
larger than the direct end to end path.
• FFZ radius in meters=17.32√d1*d2/fD
Where d1 & d2 are in km’s, f is the frequency in GHz and D is the
hop distance in Km’s.
• In order to achieve a free space propagation condition for a radio
beam at least 60 % of FFZ should be cleared under the standard
atmospheric condition of K=4/3.

21
 PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS
(Fresnel Zone)
FFZ radius in meters=17.32√d1*d2/fD,
1. If f=2.5 GHz and D=30 Km, then FFZ=32.99 M
2. If f=4.5 GHz and D=30 Km, then FFZ=24.03 M
3. If f=6.5 GHz and D=30 Km, then FFZ=19.75 M
4. If f=7.5 GHz and D=30 Km, then FFZ=17.32 M
5. If f=18.5 GHz and D=30 Km, then FFZ=11.43 M
FFZ radius decreases with increase in frequency.
1. If f=2.5 GHz and D=30 Km, then FFZ=32.99 M
2. If f=2.5 GHz and D=34 Km, then FFZ=35.33 M
3. If f=2.5 GHz and D=36 Km, then FFZ=36.46 M
4. If f=2.5 GHz and D=40 Km, then FFZ=38.64 M
5. If f=2.5 GHz and D=50 Km, then FFZ=43.73 M
FFZ radius increases with increase in distance.

22
 PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS
(KNIFE-EDGE LOSS CALCULATIONS)
FRESNEL ZONE NUMBERS 1 2 3 4 5 6

OBSTRUCTION ZONE INTERFERENCE ZONE

R=1.0

R=0

0
R=
dB

0 0 .3
R=

R= REFLECTION COEFFICIENT
.0
=1
R

-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

23
CLEARANCE / FIRST FRESNEL
ZONE
PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS
(FIRST FRESNEL ZONE AND EARTH BULGE)

E S NE L ZO NE RADIUS
FIRST FR
f
BUILDING

T EARTH BULGE

NATURAL EARTH FEATURES

d1 d2
“A” “B”
D

24
 PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS
(PROPAGATION CONDITIONS)

PERFECT IDEAL AVERAGE DIFFICULT BAD

STANDARD NO SURFACE SUB- SURFACE FOG, MOISTURE

ATMOSPHERE LAYER OR FOG STANDARD, LAYERS, OVER WATER
LIGHT FOG GROUND FOG

TEMPERATE DRY, FLAT, COASTAL COASTAL,

ZONE, NO FOG, MOUNTAINOUS, TEMPERATE, WATER,
NO DUCTING, NO FOG. SOME FOG TROPICAL
GOOD
ATMOSPHERE,
MIX DAY &
NIGHT
K=1.33 K=1.00-1.33 K=0.66-1.00 K=0.66-0.50 K=0.50-0.40

25
 PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS
(REFLECTION POINT)
• The reflection point area lies between a k-factor of grazing (k=1) and
a k-factor of infinity.
• From the profiles, possible reflection points can be obtained.
• The object is to adjust tower heights, such that, the reflection point is
adjusted to fall on land area, where the reflected energy is broken
up and scattered (forest/wooded area).
• Water bodies and other smooth surfaces cause reflection, which is
undesirable.
• Figure will assist in adjusting the reflection point.
• It uses a ratio of tower heights h1/h2, where shorter tower is always
h1 and distance expressed is always from h1.
• By adjusting the ratio h1/h2 the reflection point can be moved.
• For a highly reflective path, we may go in for space diversity.

26
 PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS
(REFLECTION POINT)
Distance to Reflection Point/Total Distance

0.5

g
0.4 K of Grazin
d1 / D

0.3

0.2 ty
fini
f In
Ko
0.1

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

1.0
.
Ratio of Tower Heights h1 / h2
0

27
 PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS
(DIVERSITY OPERATION)

Diversity Operations is based on the fact, that, radio signals received over different paths
will have different levels i.e. if one is faded, other may not. The separation may be in:
• Frequency
• Space (Including angle of arrival and polarization)
• Polarization Diversity (Fade may not be same on both polarizations)
• Angle Diversity ( Split energy at feed horn and signals arrive on separate paths)
Most common are Frequency (separated by 2-3 %) and Space (separated by 100-
200 λ, so that the reflected wave travels ½ wave length further than the normal path).
The space diversity improvement can be calculated by Vagrant's formula applied to
fading margins. The improvement factor on fading margin is:
Le=10 log (1.2 x10-3 x S2 x V2 x fm/d), where:
S= Separation between the antenna’s
V= Power ratio between the two receivers
f = Frequency in GHz
m= Selective margin (Number)
d= Hop distance in Km’s
Improvement is limited to 200.
• Greater improvement can be obtained by combining frequency and space diversity.

28
 PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS
(RECEIVER SENSITIVITY, FADE MARGIN AND SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO)

Receiver Sensitivity: Sensitivity or Threshold Power of receiver is the level of signal

which would produce a 30 dB signal to noise ratio out of the base band of an
analogue receiver, or a bit error ratio (BER)=10-4 out of the base band of a digital
receiver. Typically it is -70 to -90 dB.
Fading: Received Signal vary with time due to multipath fading and rain etc. Refractive
index of atmosphere varies with Temp. humidity and pressure which in turn cause the
electromagnetic waves to change direction. Another cause for Multipath fading is
ground reflection. So a fade margin is built in Link Designing.
Fade Margin: The fade margin is the power level, that, the unfaded received signal can
fall to until it reaches the receiver threshold. This margin will vary depending on
geographic and climatic conditions of different geographic areas and desired
reliability of the system. Typically it is 20-40 dB.
Fade Margin dB=Prx-Pthresh

Signal to Noise Ratio: It’s the minimum power difference between the wanted received
signal and received noise.
Signal/Noise Ratio (dB)=10 log10 (Signal Power/Noise Power)
Typically it is > 50 dB, logically it should be more than the Fade Margin, so that it is
always below the threshold level.

29
 PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS
(System and Link Reliability)

Reliability of the link: Outage time for each hop and for the complete link is to be
worked out, which in turn will give the over all reliability of the link in terms of
percentage. Rayleigh fading chart is given below.
Single hop reliability (%) Fade Margin
99.9 28 dB
99.99 38 dB
99.999 48 dB
CCIR defines its availability objective for radio relay systems over a hypothetical
reference circuit as 99.7 %. Resulting unavailability 0.3 % is of three components.
Outage due to power failure
Outage due to equipment failure
Outage due to propagation
It is reasonable to allot 50 % of the outage time to power and equipment failures and
50 % for propagation. Considering propagation alone, system should have an
availability (reliability) of 99.85 % apportioned across the 2500 Km route. This provide
guide to establish a per hop propagation reliability for a particular system.
Planner rather first set the limit for the reliability and for wide band links it is better
than 99.99 %.

30
 PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS
(LOS LINK – GAINS AND LOSSES SIMPLIFIED)

ANTENNA GAIN
Misc. Loss=2dB
EIRP= + 60.5 dBm
LINE LOSS EACH=1.5 dB
27dBm
ANTENNA GAIN EACH END=35 dB
LINE LOSSES

FREE SPACE LOSS=139.2 dB

11 GHz
dB

LINE LOSSES
RECEIVER
ANTENNA GAIN
INPUT
-47.2 dBm
-68dBm

20 Km

31
 PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS
(LOS LINK – GAINS AND LOSSES SIMPLIFIED)

TRANSMIT Transmit Power 27 dBm

Antenna Gain 35 dBi

Feeder Loss 1.5 dB
EIRP 60.5 dBm
PATH LOSS Path Length 20 Km
Frequency 11 GHz
Free Space Loss 139.2 dB

RECEIVE Antenna Gain 35 dBi

Feeder Loss 1.5 dB
Net Gain 33.5 dB
MISC. Combiner Loss 2 dB
RECEIVE POWER -47.2 dBm
32
 PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS
(DETAILED PATH LOSS CALCULATION SHEET)

Site from: to:

Link name:
Equipment type:
Frequency:
Transmit power:
Nominal received power:
Receiver threshold:
Desired fade margin:
Desired reliability:
Hot standby / frequency diversity and / or space diversity:
Azimuth A – B:
Azimuth B – A:
Path length:
Path length:

33
 PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS
(DETAILED PATH LOSS CALCULATION SHEET)

SL. DESCRIPTION ADD OR UNIT COMMENTS

NO. SUBTRACT
1 FREE SPACE LOSS MINUS dB

2 CONNECTOR LOSSES (SUM) MINUS dB SUM OF TRANS. AND

RECEIVE
3 CIRCULATOR LOSSES (SUM) MINUS dB SUM OF TRANS. AND
RECEIVE
4 POWER SPLIT LOSSES (IF ANY) MINUS dB

5 DIRECTIONAL COUPLER LOSSES (SUM) MINUS dB SUM OF TRANS. AND

RECEIVE
6 TRANSMISSION LINE LOSSES (SUM) MINUS dB SUM OF TRANS. AND
RECEIVE
7 OTHER LOSSES (SUM) MINUS dB RECT. TO CIRCULAR
WAVE GUIDE
8 ANY OTHER LOSSES (RADOM) MINUS dB

9 SUM OF LOSSES dB

34
 PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS
(DETAILED PATH LOSS CALCULATION SHEET)

SL. DESCRIPTION ADD OR UNIT COMMENTS

NO. SUBTRACT

10 TRANSMIT POWER PLUS dbm

11 TRANS ANTENNA GAIN PLUS dB

12 TRANSMIT REFLECTOR GAIN OR LOSS PLUS OR MINUS dB

13 RECEIVE ANTENNA GAIN PLUS dB

14 RECEIVE REFLECTOR GAIN OR LOSS PLUS OR MINUS dB

15 SUM OF GAINS dB

16 INPUT LEVEL TO RECEIVER (9-15) dbm

17 RECEIVER THRESHOLD dbm

18 FADE MARGIN dB
19 DIVERSITY IMPROVEMENT NO

20 RELIABILITY OF THE HOP %

21 OUTAGE BOTH WAYS - SECONDS SECONDS

35
 SURVEY OF LOS LINKS
(PRELIMINARY SURVEY)

Topography of an area is to be extensively studied

with the help of detailed survey maps.
• Initial study of the given link
• Aerial/quick survey of terrain/map study
• Selection of media of communication
LOS/OFC/Satellite etc
• Formulation of best route & an alternate route
• Selection of tentative sites & repeaters
• Most techno economical media and route to be
finalized
36
 SURVEY OF LOS LINKS
(PRELIMINARY SURVEY)

1. Points to ponder for site selection

• Near approach roads for accessibility
• Near power supply lines to avoid solar power
• Small hillocks gives height advantage &
reduced tower heights
• Avoid lakes big water reservoirs
• Dense forests fine
• Study of other routes around the area

37
 SURVEY OF LOS LINKS
(MAP STUDIES)
It will be found, that, a through map study will narrow down the problem
considerably particularly in case of multi-repeater systems with a wide
range of choices. By checking a number of possible routes from map
data alone, it will be usually possible to reduce the choice down to a few
alternatives
1. Survey maps are available for every country & now digitized in most of
the countries
2. Survey of India Topographical maps in different scales of (1:250,000,
1:50,000 and 1:25,000) provides most excusive information
3. India’s co-ordinates are
• Longitude 68 to 96 degrees E
• Latitude 8 to 36 degrees N
4. For preliminary survey i:2,50,000 scale or larger scales to be studied
where as for detailed survey 1:50,000 or 1:25,000 scales are required
5. Tentative sites to be marked on the maps
6. Each hop needs detailed study for working out exact tower heights

38
 SURVEY OF LOS LINKS
(MAP STUDIES-INDEX OF MAPS)
36º
43 52 61
32º

39 44 53 62 71 77 82
28º

40 45 54 63 72 78 83
24º

41 46 55 64 73 79 84
20º

47 56 65 74 85
Latitude N

16º

48 57 66 86
12º

49 58 87
8º
68º 72º 76º 80º 84º 88º 92º 96º
Longitude E of Greenwich
39
 SURVEY OF LOS LINKS
(MAP STUDIES)

Survey of India have divided India A E I M

in to blocks and maps 1:2,50,000
numbered. Each 1:250,000 Scale

sheet contains sixteen

1:50,000 sheets, which are B F J N
numbered from 1-16 i.e. say
number 84 is divided into 16
segments 84 A to 84 P as
C G K O
shown opposite. Each such
map is in the scale of 1:
250,000.
D H L P

40
 SURVEY OF LOS LINKS
(MAP STUDIES)
Each segment is further divided in
to 16 sections say 84 A/1 to 84
1 5 9 13
1:50,000
A/16, which are 1:50,000 Scale
scale. For 1:25,000 scale
maps, each map is further 1:25,000

divided into 4 viz 84 A/2 will

NW NE 6 10 14
have 84A/2/NW, 84A/2/NE, SE
SW
84A/2/SW and 84A/2/SE.
Most likely sites will be located on 3 7 11 15
different maps, which may
have to be joined to study
individual hops
4 8 12 16

41
 SURVEY OF LOS LINKS
(MAP STUDIES)
PATH PROFILING
1. After tentative terminals or repeater sites are selected, draw a straight
line on maps connecting two adjacent sites
2. Carefully trace from one site to another, marking all obstacles or
obstructions and possible points of reflection
3. Mark the mid point, which is point of maximum earth bulge and to be
marked as obstacle
4. Path profiles are plotted on rectangular graph paper or recorded for
feeding in to computer
5. HASL of all obstacles between two sites marked on the map are to be
taken in to account at 1-2 km interval
6. Carefully mark water bodies viz lakes, rivers, ponds etc for evaluation of
reflection points.
7. Contour interval is at 5/10/20 M, bench mark heights can be located in
the maps, heights of most of the hill tops is also given.
8. Study of maps will give an idea, which of the critical points have to be
visited and how to approach them during actual survey.

42
 SURVEY OF LOS LINKS
(MAP STUDIES-RELEVANT POINTS TO BE CHECKED FOR PATH PROFILING )

1. Contour interval: It may be at intervals of 5,10, 20 M or more.

2. Bench Marks and other heights: It is required to ascertain the
HASL of site in question.
3. Roads, cart tracks, foot paths: For approach to site and to look
around for any obstruction on both sides in a hop.
4. Dams, rivers, lakes and other reflecting bodies: For any reflection
points in a hop.
5. Hills, sand dunes, rocky slopes, cliffs: For any critical obstruction
points (OB).
6. Town, villages, towers, chimneys: For calculating OB points.
7. Communication Towers, Broadcasting stations, TV stations,
Airports: For checking interference from other media.

43
 SURVEY OF LOS LINKS
TRANSFER OF TERRAIN DATA
IN THE SOFTWARE MODULES TERRAIN PROFILE IS PREREQUISITE.
THIS CONSISTS OF A TABLE OF DISTANCE AND ELEVATION
BETWEEN TWO SITES OF ANY HOP. TERRAIN PROFILE IS
CREATED IN THE SOFTWARE MODULE BY ANY METHOD.
1. AFTER DETAILED STUDY OF MAPS AND ROUTE SURVEY MANUAL
ENTRY OF CO-ORDINATES, ALTITUDES AND DISTANCES FROM
TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS. SOFTWARE WILL CREATE A PROFILE.
2. MANUAL ENTRY OF CO-ORDINATES AFTER SITE VISITS,
SOFTWARE HAVING A MAP SOURCE OF THE REGION WILL READ
FROM TERRAIN DATA BASE AND CREATE A PROFILE.
TERRAIN PROFILE MODIFICATIONS
1. TERRAIN PROFILES TAKEN FROM MAP SOURCES USUALLY SHOW
LESS ALTITUDES AT STEEP HILL TOPS THERE BY INCREASING
THE TOWER HEIGHTS. THIS TYPE OF ERROR CAN BE
CORRECTED BY ACTUALLY VISITING THE HILL TOP AND
CHECKING THE HEIGHT BY HIGH RESOLUTION ALTIMETER.

44
 SURVEY OF LOS LINKS
(DETAILED SURVEY - LIST OF INSTRUMENTS)
1. Laptop with software tool and map source loaded
2. Global positioning system (GPS map 76-s or GPS-V)
3. Digital or analogue THEODOLITE/TELESCOPE with
compass as an attachment
4. Digital altimeter 0.5 m resolution
5. High resolution binoculars (Stinger-German) 25 Km
range
6. Digital Camera - Sony
7. WALKI-talkie 1.2 GHz range
8. WALKI-talkie VHF range
9. Digital or Analogue compass
10. Heliograph/Mirrors/Lamps for Line of Sight Tests

45
 SURVEY OF LOS LINKS
(DETAILED SURVEY - LIST OF INSTRUMENTS)
11. Topographical Maps 1:50,000 (Best) For preliminary
work out 1:2,50,000 or large scale maps are helpful. In
hilly areas where contours are too close 1:25,000
maps are useful.
12. Measuring tape 5 and 50 m.
13. ROTRING scale 1:100, 125, 200, 250, 500, 750
14. Reporting Performa : To be completed before leaving
15. Magnifying glass
16. Stationary items
17. Topographical instruments
18. Ladders, Poles, flags, first aid kit, Helmets, safety
belts, shoes, water, Identity cards, letter of authority.
19. Balloons with flags at 1 M interval
46
 SURVEY OF LOS LINKS
(DETAILED SURVEY – SYSTEM DESIGN – MIRROR TEST)

Mirrors required for mirror tests: A perfect way of cross checking LOS.
1. Two mirrors are scratched in the shape of a red cross as shown.
2. Scratched portions are joined back to back, faces are out side.

e of the mirror should

such, that, it can be held This test is very useful
he hand. Mirror is held in 1. For cross checking of LOS.
nd and light of Sun is allowed Reflection side of Mirror - 1 2. Useful in Metros having high
all on the mirror. Sun light will rise buildings and map study
seen on the Palm and its has no relevance.
ection in the mirror. Now, 3. Between two hill tops, where
mirror is so adjusted, that, detailed maps are not available
directed towards the and many critical obstructions
ction of other station whose are seen.
muth is known and mirror is 4. If LOS is there, one can see
d such, that, parallax is mirror up to hundreds of Km’s.
moved Between rays falling
he palm and its reflection in the Reflection side of Mirror - 2
ror. The person at other site
Scratched side of Mirror 1 & 2
n see reflected signal, if LOS
here.

47
 SURVEY OF LOS LINKS
(DETAILED SURVEY – GPS APPLICATIONS)
1. Measurements of exact latitude, longitude and altitude of site or for bench marking.
2. Measurements of areas without triangulation.
3. Oceanic and en route navigation.
4. Precise airfield and landing aid locations.
5. Direct routing of aircraft for fuel saving.
6. Monitoring air craft locations in flight.
7. Search and rescue.
8. Tracking and recovering stolen vehicles.
9. Offshore drilling research.
10. Location of containers in marine terminals.
11. Maintaining security of VIPs.
12. Train control and collision avoidance.
13. Hydrographic surveying.
14. Placing and controlling satellites in orbit.

48
 SURVEY OF LOS LINKS
GPS MAP 76 S
• GPSMAP 76 S IS A GPS AND MAPPING TOOL..
• THE “S” STANDS FOR “SENSORS” BECAUSE IT
INCORPORATES A GPS RECEIVER, BAROMETERIC
ALTIMETER AND AN ELECTRONIC COMPASS THAT DELIVER
PRECISE LOCATION, ELEVATION AND BEARING
INFORMATION.
• THE UNIT CAN TAKE A BASE MAP WITH A PLENTY OF
MEMORY (24 MB) FOR DOWNLOADING MAP SOURCE DATA,
• IT IS WAAS (WIDE AREAAUGUMENTATION SYSTEM) ENABLED
PRODUCT. COLLECT DATA FROM THE REFERENCE
STATIONS AND CREATE A GPS CORRECTION MESSAGE. THIS
CORRECTION IS APPLIED TO THE WAAS- ENABLED GPS
RECEIVERS.

49
 SURVEY OF LOS LINKS
(DETAILED SURVEY – SYSTEM DESIGN)
Path design: the basic purpose in engineering a radio relay path in
microwave range is to achieve a path which will meet the
requirements for long term medium noise and also ensure, that,
outages due to fading, below the predetermined value is minimized.
Regardless of system size, for proper system operation, it is essential
for each hop to have adequate clearances under all atmospheric
conditions.
To determine clearances, the actual topography of the path and also
the height location of obstacles along the path, such as multistoried
buildings, chimneys, trees, water bodies are taken into account.
In a relatively flat country a practical rule of thumb is, that, repeater
spacing are generally limited to 25-40 Km with tower heights up to
100 M. Actually, it depends on the topography of terrain. Can any
one imagine, that, LOS communication to two terminals which are at
a distance of 28 Km is possible with six hops having 3 active and 3
passive repeaters*.

50
 SURVEY OF LOS LINKS
(DETAILED SURVEY – SYSTEM DESIGN)
Determining precise co-ordinates, ground elevation (HASL), pinpointing
potential obstacles on the point-to-point microwave path is a
critical part of the design process. Path survey consists of five
basic steps.
1. Step one-site documentation:
• Site location maps to be studied thoroughly to obtain best access
route to the site
• On the way to site make note of the distances and time taken
from a well known reference point-mettle road- un-mettle road-
cart road-foot path right up to the site. Description of accessibility
to site is very important for the visit by future teams.
• Re-location of site if required
• If it is existing site detailed information may have to be collected
from the concerned agency viz existing tower, equipment room,
power plant lay outs and their details etc
• All collected data to be re-confirmed

51
 SURVEY OF LOS LINKS
(DETAILED SURVEY – SYSTEM DESIGN)
2. Step two-site location verification: if site is new it is to verified from maps,
THEODOLITE, electronic distance/height meter, known bench mark
position.
After proper verification of the site following data is to be collected.
• Site co-ordinates: six digit co-ordinates to be marked. Cross checked by
GPS, maps.
• HASL: cross checked from near by bench mark, barometric altimeter of
0.5 m resolution, maps and GPS.
• Marking of tower center from minimum three reference points with
bearing angle from north and distance- near by hill top, chimneys,
buildings, transmission tower or any permanent structure. This is again
important for the visit by future teams.
• Marking of preferably true north/otherwise magnetic north*.
• Marking of azimuth (Map) of each antenna and checking of near end
obstructions: use THEODOLITE, prismatic compass and distance height
meter.
• Tower height, antenna heights and AZIMUTHAL angles.

52
 SURVEY OF LOS LINKS
(DETAILED SURVEY – SYSTEM DESIGN)
• Types and sizes of antenna’s.
• Type and length of transmission lines.
• Transmitter output power.
• Receiver input level, receiver threshold level and requirement of
fade margin.
• Check on space diversity requirements.
• Number of main and stand by transmitters and receivers.
• Laptop/small computer can be very handy at site.
• Operating frequencies for future equipments.
• Take photographs of site, which may be useful for identification in
future.
• Take note of the type of soil and soil samples can be taken for
laboratory testing. This will be useful for economical design of the
tower.

53
 SURVEY OF LOS LINKS
(DETAILED SURVEY – SYSTEM DESIGN)
If site is existing, complete lay-out of site is to be made.
• Existing tower:
1. Type and height of towers, guyed, mast. Take photos.
2. Type, heights, AZIMUTHAL angles of each antenna and availability of
space for the type and at proposed height for new antenna’s.
3. Availability of space for proposed transmission lines on the run way and at
wave guide entry point to equipment room.
4. If there is some problem for items at Para 2 & 3, proposal to be submitted
in report.
• Existing equipment, power plant rooms:
1. Type of existing equipments, their operating frequencies & power etc. Lay
out to be drawn.
2. Type of power plant, capacity, existing loads and spare capacity also in
case solar power is used.
3. Take photos for various equipments.

54
 SURVEY OF LOS LINKS
(DETAILED SURVEY – SYSTEM DESIGN)
3. Step three-identification of critical points along the path.
• On the maps two sites are joined by a thin straight line.
• Determine the height, width of all obstructions along the path and
HASL at each point for all potential obstructions. Record the man
made obstructions, trees, chimneys etc. all above HASL at 1-2
km Intervals, specially record center point obstruction.
• Allow for future growth of trees and other vegetations for minimum
10 years.
• Visit every likely critical point to ascertain its height and check
other parameters.
• Determine the width of water bodies, other reflecting points falling
along the route.
• Take mirror tests if after calculations, it is found, that, it is
feasible*.
• Some clients insist on propagation tests, which is neither a
practical nor viable approach*.

55
 SURVEY OF LOS LINKS
(DETAILED SURVEY – SYSTEM DESIGN)
4. Step four-path profile: path profiles are drawn based on the detailed
survey report. It can be manually or by computerized software. Hop wise
data required is given below.
• Site names.
• Co-ordinates of each hop.
• HASL of each site
• Hop distance (If co-ordinates are fed to computer software, you get hop
distance and azimuthal angles)
• HASL of each obstruction and its height including near-end obstructions.
• Clearance criteria being adopted.
Say Cl=k 4/3 + 100% ffz
AND OR Cl=k 2/3 + 30% FFZ
• Frequency band of operation.
With the above parameters antenna heights in each direction of operation can
be worked out and hence the tower height at each sight.

56
 SURVEY OF LOS LINKS
(DETAILED SURVEY – SYSTEM DESIGN)
5. Step five-detailed survey report: the report apart from antenna and tower
heights already worked out will need reliability calculations for each hop
and for the complete link. Determine following parameters.
• Transmitter power
• Size and gain of antenna’s for main and diversity operations (if
applicable)
• Type and transmission line losses for main and diversity operations (if
applicable)
• Other losses
• Receiver threshold
• Received power of receiver
• Signal to noise ratio
We get Fade Margin and reliability/availability for each hop.
The complete exercise can be worked out manually with the help of a
calculator. But now a days different Software's are available for Path Loss
Calculations, which has made the job simple for the Engineers.

57
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND
REPORT GENERATION
CASE STUDY: Feasibility study was carried out for
one of the clients for a route length of 2294 Km
and report submitted in 2 months. The detailed
survey was carried out by three teams in a
month’s time. Because of the limitations of the
client, we had to visit at least two to three times
the number of sites for microwave repeaters
than we would have visited in normal case*.
Client gave repeat order for another 2000 Km
after going through this report and analyzing the
recommendations.
58
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND
REPORT GENERATION
CONTENTS
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION
LINE DIAGRAM
SURVEY AT A GLANCE
1. INTRODUCTION
2. ORGANIZATION OF THE SURVEY
3. METHODOLOGY USED IN SURVEY
4. ENGINEERING AND TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
5. RESULTS AND PRESENTATION
6. RECOMMENDATIONS
7. SITE DETAILS

59
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND
REPORT GENERATION
CONTENTS
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION
8. HOP DETAILS
8.1 PATH PROFILES
8.2 REFLECTION POINT PROFILES
8.3 TOWER HEIGHT CALCULATION SHEET
8.4 RELIABILITY CALCULATION SHEET
9. LINK DETAILS
9.1 GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION
9.2 TOWERS AND AERIALS
9.3 REFLECTION POINTS
9.4 INTERFERENCE CALCULATIONS
9.5 FREQUENCY PLAN
9.6 OUTAGE TABLE
9.7 SYNOPTIC OF THE LINK
10. TECHNO ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION

60
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES
(Line Diagram)
LONG= LONG= LONG= LONG=
LAT = LAT = LAT = LAT =

GIVE HOP DISTANCES AS PER DATA RESULTS

Km
Km Km C
A
B 73M/14 79A/2 79A/6 D
73M/6

+ + GIVE BEARING ANGLES A-B & B-A

AS PER ACTUAL DATA RESULTS

+ +
73M/7 73M/11 73M/15
79A/11 79A/15

NOT TO SCALE TYPICAL EXAMPLE

61
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES
(SURVEY AT A GLANCE)
FOLLOWING INFORMATION CAN BE GIVEN IN A TABULAR FORM:
• SL.NO. 1.
• STATION NAME BELMURI
• OWNER CLIENT NAME
• HASL (M) 11
• LONGITUDE 88 08 53 E
• LATITUDE 22 56 12 N
• ANTENNA HEIGHT (M) TOWARDS 80.2 AND 70.2 HOWRAH
83.4 AND 73.4 BURDWAN
• AZIMUTH (DEGREES) 159.32 AND 323.24
• HOP DISTANCE (Km) 43.75 AND 46.61
• TOWER HEIGHT (M) 90
• MAP NO’S 79B/1
• REMARKS IF ANY, SAY AIR STRIP NEAR BY

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 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND
REPORT GENERATION
1. Introduction: Brief is given about the clients floating of an enquiry,
submission of the bid by the consultant and subsequent letter of award to
carry out feasibility study etc.
Details of officers involved in technical discussions and feasibility survey
works.
• From clients side
a) Corporate Office
b) Regional Office
c) Field coordinators
d) Survey coordinators
• From Consultants side
Feasibility study was carried out for 2294 Km route length in the states of
Orissa, West Bengal and Assam.
Details of links are given say,
A-B=169 Km
B-C=176 Km and so on

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 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND
REPORT GENERATION
Clients Requirements:
• Technical specifications and B.O.Q given by the client specified, that, wide
band communication systems needs to be established between various
control centers/substations of eastern region.
• Media of communication to be through Microwave System, wherever
feasible.
• End terminals to be located at the stations given in the BOQ and Repeaters
to be located in any of the manned 33/66/132/220 KV sub-stations on the
route.
• In case the Microwave either becomes non-feasible or becomes much
costlier due to large number of repeaters, fiber optics is to be considered.
• Optical Fiber Cable to run over 400/220 KV transmission lines between end
terminals. Repeater if any has to be considered in any of the manned
33/66/132/220 KV sub-stations to the extent possible, failing which
repeaters have to be located on the 400/220 KV transmission lines with
Solar Power.

64
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND
REPORT GENERATION
Constraints:
• Since repeater (R/R) sites became non-negotiable, it became necessary to
carry out the field survey first by making a visit to terminal stations and
proposed R/R’s on any 33/66/132/220 KV sub-stations.
• In the process no of R/R sites to be visited became much more (2-3 times),
than, if R/R’s could be negotiable.
2. Organization of the Survey: The survey for this feasibility study was
carried out for one month by three different teams simultaneously to meet
time schedule of the client.
• Each site (terminals and proposed R/R’s) was visited and map study carried
out on the Survey of India Maps of scale 1:50,000. Six digit coordinates
were marked by Global Positioning System (GPS) and cross checked on
maps.
• Survey related data was collected for the sites and capacity of system data
collected from representatives of the client.
• After elimination of non-feasible/extra sites, the selected sites were marked
on the site plans and brought forward in the feasibility report.

65
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND
REPORT GENERATION
• The survey of sites was carried out bearing in mind, that, existing
towers shall be shared wherever available and feasible for the best
usage of available national resources. However, if permission to
share the tower is not agreed upon, nearest sites may be chosen for
the erection of tower as per minimum height given in the report.
• An integrated communication system of 8 Mbps in the frequency
band of 2.3 2.5 GHz was considered for Microwave Systems to
cater for Voice and Data Communication for the entire network,
whereas 34 Mbps OPGW/ADSS cable was considered, where
Microwave was either non-feasible or it becomes costly due to more
repeaters were coming in the section or tower height was more than
100 M.

66
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND
REPORT GENERATION
3. METHODOLOGY USED IN SURVEY: Each team used
following instruments.
• Global Positioning System (GPS)
• Theodolite
• Prismatic Compass
• Altimeters
• Binoculars
• Camera
• Topographical Instruments
• Rodometer
• Set of maps 1:2,50,000 and 1:50,000 scale
• ROTRING scale and necessary stationary items
Apart from client’s representative, It was necessary to take a local
person to act as a guide to show us different sites.

67
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND
REPORT GENERATION
Following information was collected and points kept in mind during survey.
Determination of site’s
• Six digit coordinates by GPS and cross checking on maps
• HASL i.e. Altitude was checked by Altimeter, GPS and cross
checked on maps
• Exact location of plot, lay out of the station, orientation and collection of site data
• Accessibility to site, by taking references from known points
• Location, altitude and height of obstacles in each hop.
• Antenna heights and in turn Tower heights. Towers were kept as low as possible but
up to a limit of 100 M.
For this clearance criteria given by the client was kept in mind
0.3 FFZ for K=2/3
1.0 FFZ for K=4/3, whichever was more stringent (Up to 44 Km)
• Space Diversity was proposed on some of the hops either due to reflection point
falling on surface of water or length of hop (not meeting desired reliability)
• Space diversity antenna's proposed at a spacing of 150 λ, which comes to 20 M.

68
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND
REPORT GENERATION
4. ENGINEERING AND TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS:
• Client’s requirement of varied telecommunication facilities amongst various
dedicated service stations located on existing sites operating in 2.3 to 2.5 GHz
band.
• The scheme falls under the category of light capacity routes, still its engineering
and design demands careful consideration to ensure high quality, stability and
reliability of the entire route.
• Objective is to achieve a path, which will meet requirements for long term noise
and ensure, that, outage due to fading is below predetermined values.
• Radio Engineer has to work with many different factors, some of which interact
with each other, but he has to come up with solutions which are feasible both
technically and economically.
• It is essential for each hop to have adequate clearance under all atmospheric
conditions. For this, the actual topography of the path and also obstacles along the
path such as multistoried buildings, chimneys, trees, water bodies and other tall
structures will have to be taken into account. In relatively flat country R/R spacing
is 25-30 Km and Tower height up to 100 M, economy plays a major role for this
height limitation. (In HBJ gas pipe line project this limit was crossed with the result
weight of 100 M tower was around 85 MT, where as that of 127 M tower was
around 185 MT, increasing enormously cost of foundation and tower material)

69
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND
REPORT GENERATION
Map engineering and site selection:
• Usually topography of an area is extensively studied before going to the
field.
• In this case, since R/R sites were non-negotiable, there was no choice but
to visit the sites first and mark them on the maps.
• All the sites visited were marked on the maps, traveling along each path,
collecting information about the type, size, location and characteristics of
obstacles, such as, buildings, trees, chimneys, water bodies, low lying
areas, river beds, lakes, hills and anticipated critical points. Preliminary
profiles were made.
• Map engineering was carried out on Survey of India maps 1:50,000 scale
with contour intervals at 10-20 M.
• Work out all the alternatives in the night, eliminate non-feasible and extra
sites, take decisions before proceeding further.
• Terminals were fixed by the client, repeaters were to be selected from a
number sub-station choices.
• Engineer had to exercise a great deal in selection of repeater sites for the
proposed study to meet the path design requirements with regard to:

70
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND
REPORT GENERATION
Clearance criteria: Following criteria was adopted for this scheme.
• 1.0 F at K=4/3 ( more stringent up to 44 Km)
• 0.3 F at K=2/3 (more stringent beyond 44 Km)
Free Space Loss=92.44 + 20 log10 F + 20 log10 D
where F is in GHz and D is in Km.
Space Diversity: Vertical antenna space diversity was proposed in few
links, wherever it was found necessary for improving the link
reliability. Clearance criteria adopted for space diversity antenna
was K4/3+0.6F.
Reflection point: Due care was taken to avoid reflection, but in one
case link was across a dam, in which case space diversity was
proposed. This was the only case where, space diversity was
proposed due to reflection and not because hop was long.

71
 PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS
(TOWER HEIGHT CALCULATIONS)
COMPARISON FOR CLEARANCE CRITERIA BETWEEN (K4/3+1.0F) AND (K2/3+0.3F) WHICHEVER IS CRITICAL

ACTIVITY UNIT F=6.5 GHz F=6.5 GHz F=2.4 GHz F=2.4 GHz
d1 distance from higher station Km 15 16 21 22.5
d2 distance from lower station Km 15 16 21 22.5
D hop distance Km 30 32 42 45.0
Ea higher HASL M 400 400 400 400
Eb lower HASL M 300 300 300 300
Ep height of obstruction M 330 330 330 330
Earth bulge for K=4/3 (d1 x d2 /17) M 13.23 15.06 25.94 29.78
Earth bulge for K=2\3 (d1 x d2/8.5) M 26.46 30.12 51.88 59.56
F first fresnel zone radius M 19.76 20.44 40.60 42.18
0.3 F M 5.93 6.13 12.18 12.66
Clearance CL-1=K 4/3 + F M 32.99 35.50. 66.54 71.96
Clearance CL-2=K2/3 + 0.3 F M 32.47 36.25 64.06 72.22
Slope=(Ea-Eb) d1/D M 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0
OH (over head clearance) M 15 15 15 15
Tc=(Ep-Ea)+ clearance Max + Slope + OH M 27.99 31.25 61.54 67.22

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 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND
REPORT GENERATION
5. RESULTS AND PRESENTATION: Results of survey were
displayed in three parts.
I) Site Details:
a) A data sheet giving:-
• Geographic coordinates and altitude
• Station to be served
• Reference of map on which station is located
• Access sketch with reference to surrounding cities and villages
• Details if site is existing
• Information about energy
• Information about vegetation and soil
• Information about towers, aerials, azimuth and more precisely type
of tower and its height
• Diameter and height of antenna

73
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND
REPORT GENERATION
b) Orient Sheet Giving:-
• A part of the map with indication on site location and direction to
last, next and other sites (if any)
• Orientation of the site with reference to some permanent marking
i.e. hill tops, buildings, chimneys, transmission lines or any
permanent structure, with approximate distances and azimuthal
angle from north. Since all the sites were existing, orientation was
not given in the report.
c) Site lay out:-
Site lay-out at different scales, giving by drawing all the information
about the site as found from either, site lay out or information
collected from client’s representatives. Proposed location of Tower
with respect to control Room was given.

74
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND
REPORT GENERATION
II) Hop Details:
• Path profiles:- Path profiles have been drawn on flat earth by
computer for clearance criteria already specified. In case of space
diversity links lower antenna height is mentioned. Clearance criteria
adopted for space diversity antenna was 4/3+0.6 F.
• Reflection point profiles:- Due care was taken to ensure, that, the
reflection points do not fall on water surface/reflecting surfaces by
adjusting antenna heights by using PATH LOSS software program
Version 3.0.
• Tower height calculation sheet:- The desired information already
collected from the field during survey was fed to the computer
software to arrive at the tower heights for each hop.
• Reliability calculation sheet:- Going through the clients
specifications, equipment is selected which are fed to the computer
along with antenna gains and transmission line losses figures.
Reliability figures were checked and in case, desired results were
not achieved, changes were made to meet the targets.
75
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND
REPORT GENERATION
III) Link Details:
I) Geographical information
II) Towers and aerials
III) Reflection points
IV) Interference calculations
V) Frequency plan
VI) Outage table
VII) Synoptic of the link
• The above information in the tabular forms was given for the
entire route length.
• Wherever, microwave links were not feasible, Fiber Optics was
suggested.

76
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND
REPORT GENERATION
6. Recommendations:
• Selection Criteria:- Considering the present and future requirements of client for
voice and data, feasibility study was carried out for 8 Mbps Microwave System in
2.3 to 2.5 GHz frequency band on all feasible links.
Optical Fiber System was recommended where Microwave was not either feasible
or it was becoming more costly due to more repeaters.
Considering the overall requirements of the client, as specified in the tender and
discussion with their representatives from time to time, following parameters were
kept in mind for preparing this report.
MICROWAVE:
Overall reliability was kept better than CCIR limits.
Network to provide 120 digital channels of 64 Kbps.
Fade margin has been kept 30- 40 dB.
Reliability has been worked out for 8 Mbps at 2.4 GHz.
OPTICAL FIBER:
Optical Fiber repeater spacing was limited to 100 Km.
Optical Fiber Repeaters to be located at 33/66/132/220 KV sub-stations as for
as possible, in the absence of which it was to be kept on tower near road
crossings with provision of solar power.

77
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND
REPORT GENERATION
MICROWAVE SYSTEMS:
Merits:-
• Optimum use of the capacity by the user. 2.3 to 2.5 GHz are low capacity systems.
• Project can be completed quickly on available sub-stations. Delay in acquiring land is
avoidable.
• Microwave is slightly cheaper as long as repeater spacing is between 25-40 Km.
Demerits:-
• Site clearance from SACFA takes time.
• WPC is conserving frequencies and sparing minimum slots.
• There is tendency of Microwave becoming costlier than Fiber Optics.
• In spite of best design of Microwave System, there could be chances of interference
from other users.
• Land acquisition, Tower foundation and erection are time consuming and could cause
delay if sub-soil is rocky or have high water table.
• In close proximity of EHT lines, tower erection could hazard and need extra care.
• Since repeater stations shall be erected in the campus of other agencies, there could
be coordination problems during execution. Operation and maintenance of the
system.

78
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND
REPORT GENERATION
OPTICAL FIBER SYSTEM:
Merits:-
• Can be installed on existing or future power lines easily.
• In case no dropping of channels is required it can be installed end to end
between two terminals.
• Optical fiber is safe, since it is over the EHT lines.
• Number of repeaters are far and few, lesser the equipment lesser the
maintenance problems.
• Optical fiber cable maintenance can be done along with the EHT lines.
• The system provides unlimited capacity and is easily expandable. Extra
capacity can be leased out and generate extra revenue.
Demerits:-
• Optical fiber repeaters are to be located in any of the sub-stations failing
which they were to be located on 220/440 KV transmission lines with solar
power, which could be a vulnerable point in remote areas.
• Failure of transmission towers is likely to disrupt the communication for a
longer period.

79
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND
REPORT GENERATION
RECOMMENDATIONS:
Feasibility study was carried out for 2294 Km route length to see, if Microwave
Systems were feasible on these routes. Though microwave links were feasible on
1334 km as indicated in the report. It was recommended, that, optical fiber cable
could be the best communication media for the entire region for the following
reasons.
• Single media of communication is the best from execution, operating and
maintainability point of view. Microwave cannot be single media, since it is non-
feasible on many routes.
• Separate clearances for Frequency and SACFA not be taken.
• Co-ordination, operational and maintenance problems with other agencies, where
microwave repeaters shall be falling could be avoided.
• Interface problems amongst different media can be avoided.
• Microwave system will be used only by nodal agency, whereas if optical fiber is used,
spare fiber can be leased out to other agencies, thereby generating extra revenue.
• For microwave systems Royalty and License fee to be paid to DOT is a recurring
expenditure.
• OFC system has unlimited channel bandwidth. Future expansion is easy and
relatively less expensive, unlike Microwave Systems.

80
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION
(SITE DETAILS)
(SITE PARTICULARS CALCUTTA)
Site Particulars: The information for each site to be noted in tabular form.
1. Site Name: Calcutta
2. Link Name: Calcutta-Durgapur
3. Longitude: 88 21 03 E
4. Latitude: 22 29 49 N
5. Altitude: 6 M
6. Operating Frequency: 2400 MHz
7. Map Number: 79/B-6 Scale: 1:50,000
8. Access to sit: Existing otherwise details to be given.
9. Room for Equipment: Available in existing building.
10. Type of soil: Normal soil with sand at top.
11. Vegetation: Grassy
12. Energy: AC and -48 V available
13. Tower: Type SS Height 100 M (Existing)
14. Antenna: Type Diameter Height Azimuth Towards
DAX-6 1.8 M 50 M 325.33 Howrah
15. Remarks: Permission for using existing 100 M tower of DOT to be taken by client.

81
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION
(SITE DETAILS)
(SITE MAP AND SITE ORIENTATION)
• HOWRAH
Map No: 79/ B
Azimuth Angle Distance
A= 55º 750 M
B= 120º 1.2 Km
• 325.33
C= 300º 7.9 Km
• CALCUTTA

North

• Hill
• 1:50,000 SCALE MAP

A
Building
C
B

Proposed Tower center Road crossing

• ╬╬
82
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION
(SITE DETAILS)
(SITE PARTICULARS BELMURI)
Site Particulars: The information for each site to be noted in tabular form.
1. Site Name: BELMURI
2. Link Name: Calcutta-Durgapur
3. Longitude: 88 08 53 E
4. Latitude: 22 56 12 N
5. Altitude: 11 M
6. Operating Frequency: 2400 MHz
7. Map Number: 79/B-1 Scale: 1:50,000
8. Access to sit: Existing otherwise details to be given.
9. Room for Equipment: Available in existing building.
10. Type of soil: Normal.
11. Vegetation: Grassy
12. Energy: AC available, DC not available
13. Tower: Type SS Height 90 M
14. Antenna: Type Diameter Height Azimuth Towards
DAX-10 3M 80.2 M 159.32 HOWRAH
DAX-10 3M 70.2 M 159.32 HOWRAH
DAX-12 4M 83.4 M 323.24 BURDWAN
DAX-8 2.4 M 73.4 M 323.24 BURDWAN

83
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION
(SITE DETAILS)
(SITE LAYOUT PLAN BELMURI)
BELMURI SITE: (NOT TO SCALE)

N
CONTROL ROOM

SWITCH YARD
20 M
20 M SHED

ROAD
PROPOSED LOCATION FOR 90 M TOWER RAMP

RAILWAY TRACK 50 M

84
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION
(SITE DETAILS)
(SITE PARTICULARS BURDWAN)
Site Particulars: The information for each site to be noted in tabular form.
1. Site Name: BURDWAN
2. Link Name: Calcutta-Durgapur
3. Longitude: 87 52 32 E
4. Latitude: 23 16 25 N
5. Altitude: 28 M
6. Operating Frequency: 2400 MHz
7. Map Number: 73/M-15 Scale: 1:50,000
8. Access to sit: Existing otherwise details to be given.
9. Room for Equipment: New.
10. Type of soil: Normal.
11. Vegetation: Grassy
12. Energy: AC available, DC not available
13. Tower: Type SS Height 100 M
14. Antenna: Type Diameter Height Azimuth Towards
DAX-12 4M 96.5 M 143.13 BELMURI
DAX-8 2.4 M 86.5 M 143.13 BELMURI
DAX-12 4M 97.0 M 299.00 MANKAR
DAX-10 3M 44.2 M 291.41 Galsi (alternative to MANKAR)
15. Remarks: 100 M cable required from new equipment room to control room.

85
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION
(SITE DETAILS)
(SITE LAYOUT PLAN BURDWAN)
BURDWAN SITE: (NOT TO SCALE)

• KATWA BURDWAN
ROAD

OH
CABLE CONTROL
ROOM
(SINGLE
STORY)
N
PROPOSED
100 M TOWER
(OPTION-I)
70 M

SWITCH YARD
PROPOSED
100 M TOWER
(OPTION-II)

86
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION
(SITE DETAILS)
(SITE PARTICULARS MANKAR)
Site Particulars: The information for each site to be noted in tabular form.
1. Site Name: MANKAR
2. Link Name: Calcutta-Durgapur
3. Longitude: 87 32 07 E
4. Latitude: 23 25 49 N
5. Altitude: 60 M
6. Operating Frequency: 2400 MHz
7. Map Number: 73/M-11 Scale: 1:50,000
8. Access to sit: Kacha road (Motor able).
9. Room for Equipment: New.
10. Type of soil: Normal.
11. Vegetation: Grassy
12. Energy: Not available
13. Tower: Type SS Height 50 M
14. Antenna: Type Diameter Height Azimuth Towards
DAX-12 4 M 48 M 116.42 BURDWAN
DAX-10 3 M 42 M 313.76 PARULIA
15. Remarks: Since this is new site, suitable space be kept for Eqpt. room and Tower.

87
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION
(SITE DETAILS)
(SITE LAYOUT PLAN MANKAR)
MANKAR SITE: (NOT TO SCALE)

PROPOSED LAND FOR 132 KV SUB STATION

N

PROPOSED 50 M TOWER PROPOSED TELECOM BUILDING

DVC WATER SUPPLY

FOR IRRIGATION MANKAR RURAL HOSPITAL

MOTOR ABLE ROAD

88
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION
(HOP DETAILS)
(PATH PROFILE BELMURI - BURDWAN)

160
140 96.5
120
83.4 100
80
60 28 M
40
20
11 M
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
BELMURI BURDWAN
PATH LENGTH 46.61 Km
LATITUDE 22 56 12 N LATITUDE 23 16 25 N
FREQUENCY=2400 MHz
LONGITUDE 88 08 53 E LONGITUDE 87 52 32 E
K=0.66, 0.66
AZIMUTH 323.24 DEG. AZIMUTH 143.13 DEG.
% F=30.00, 20.00
ELEVATION 11 M AMSL ELEVATION 28 M AMSL
ANTENNA CL 83.4, 73.4 M AGL ANTENNA CL 96.5, 86.5 M AGL

89
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION
(HOP DETAILS)
(REFLECTION POINT PROFILE BELMURI - BURDWAN)

BELMURI – BURDWAN HOP:

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
REFLECTION PLANE DEFINED BETWEEN 0.00 AND 46.61 Km FREQUENCY 2400 MHz
REFLECTION POINT LOCATION AT 22.3 Km FRESNEL ZONE 30.0 %F1
90
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION
(HOP DETAILS)
(TOWER HEIGHT CALCULATION SHEET BELMURI-BURDWAN)

BELMURI BURDWAN
LATITUDE 22 56 12 N 23 16 25 N
LONGITUDE 88 08 53 E 87 52 32 E
AZIMUTH 323.24 143.13
DISTANCE (Km) 46.61 46.61
DATUM NAD27 – CLARKE 1866 NAD27 – CLARKE 1866
UTM ZONE 45 45
EASTING (Km) 617.716 589.538
NORTHING (Km) 2536.830 2573.936
ELEVATION (M) 11.0 28
MAIN ANTENNA HEIGHT (M) 83.4 96.5
DIVERSITY ANTENNA HEIGHT (M) 73.4 86.5
FREQUENCY (MHz) 2400 2400
POLARIZATION VERTICAL VERTICAL

91
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION
(HOP DETAILS)
(TOWER HEIGHT CALCULATION SHEET BELMURI-BURDWAN)

DISTANCE (Km) ELEVATION (M) OBSTRUCTION HEIGHT (M) AG

0.00 11.2
5.00 10.0 15 T
10.00 12.0 15 T
15.00 12.0 15 T
20.00 15.0 15 T
25.00 20.0 15 T
30.00 24.0 15 T
35.00 25.0 15 T
40.00 26.0 15 T
45.00 20.0 15 T
46.61 28.0

92
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION
(HOP DETAILS)
(RELIABILITY CALCULATION SHEET BELMURI - BURDWAN)

bel-bur.p13 - 1 BELMURI BURDWAN

ELEVATION (M) 11.00 28.00

LATITUDE 22 56 12 N 23 16 25 N

LONGITUDE 88 08 53 E 87 52 32 E

AZIMUTH 323.24 143.13

ANTENNA TYPE (MAIN) DAX-12 DAX-12

ANTENNA HEIGHT (M) 83.38 96.46

ANTENNA GAIN (dBi) 38 38

RANDOM LOSS (dB) 0.25 0.25

TX LINE TYPE (MAIN) FOAM 1-1/4” FOAM 1-1/4”

TX LINE LENGTH (M) 105 116

TX LINE UNIT LOSS (dB/100 M) 5.2 5.2

TX LINE LOSS (dB) 5.46 6.03

CONNECTOR LOSS (dB) 1.00 1.00

93
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION
(HOP DETAILS)
(RELIABILITY CALCULATION SHEET BELMURI - BURDWAN)

bel-bur.p13 - 2 BELMURI BURDWAN

ANTENNA TYPE (DIVERSITY) DAX-8 DAX-8
ANTENNA HEIGHT (M) 73.38 86.48
ANTENNA GAIN (dBi) 33.5 33.5
RANDOM LOSS (dB) 0.25 0.25
TX LINE TYPE (DIVERSITY) FOAM 1-1/4” FOAM 1-1/4”
TX LINE LENGTH (M) 94 107
TX LINE UNIT LOSS (dB/100 M) 5.2 5.2
TX LINE LOSS (dB) 4.89 5.56
CONNECTOR LOSS (dB) 1.0 1.0
CIRCULATOR BRANCHING LOSS (dB) 0.5 0.5
TX SWITCH LOSS (dB) 1.20 1.20
TX FILTER LOSS (dB) 2.0 2.0
RX HYBRID LOSS (dB) 2.5 2.5
DIV. RX CIRCULATOR LOSS (dB) 2.5 2.5
OTHER RX LOSS (dB) 3.0 3.0

94
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION
(HOP DETAILS)
(RELIABILITY CALCULATION SHEET BELMURI - BURDWAN)

bel-bur.p13 - 3 BELMURI BURDWAN

FREQUENCY (MHz) 2400 2400
POLARIZATION VERTICAL VERTICAL
PATH LENGTH (Km) 46.61 46.61
FREE SPACE LOSS (Db) 133.44 133.44
ATMOS. ABSORPTION LOSS (dB) 0.29 0.29
MAIN NET PATH LOSS (dB) 83.42 83.42
DIVERSITY NET PATH LOSS (dB) 81.85 81.96
TX FREQUENCY ASSIGNMENT (MHz) 2400 2400
TX POWER (WATTS) 0.89 0.89
TX POWER (dBm) 29.49 29.49
EFFECTIVE RADIATED POWER (dBm) 57.08 56.5
RX THRESHOLD CRITERIA 10-3 10-3
RX THRESHOLD LEVEL (dBm) -91.00 -91.00
MAXIMUM RECEIVED SIGNAL (dBm) -30 -30

95
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION
(HOP DETAILS)
(RELIABILITY CALCULATION SHEET BELMURI - BURDWAN)

bel-bur.p13 - 4 BELMURI BURDWAN

MAIN RX SIGNAL (dBm) -53.93 -53.93
DIVERSITY RX SIGNAL (dBm) -52.36 -52.47
THERMAL FADE MARGIN (dB) 38.64 38.53
CLIMATIC FACTOR 0.5 0.5
TERRAIN ROUGHNESS (M) 6.10 6.10
C FACTOR 1.65 1.65
AVERAGE ANNUAL TEMP. (DEG. C) 28 28
DIVERSITY TYPE SPACE DIVERSITY BB SPACE DIVERSITY BB
SD IMPROVEMENT FACTOR 31.79 31.66
WORST MONTH MULTIPATH 1 WAY (SEC) 2.72 2.80
WORST MONTH MULTIPATH 1 WAY (%) 99.999896 99.999894
ANNUAL MULTIPATH 1 WAY (SEC) 12.24 12.59
ANNUAL MULTIPATH 1 WAY (%) 99.999961 99.999960
ANNUAL MULTIPATH 2 WAY (%-SEC) 99.999921-24.83 99.999921-24.83

96
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION
(HOP DETAILS)
(PATH PROFILE BURDWAN - MANKAR)

93.2 AGL
120
48 AGL
100

80
M
60 60 ASL

40
28 ASL
20

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
BURDWAN
PATH LENGTH 38.87 Km MANKAR
LATITUDE 23 16 25 N FREQUENCY 2400 MHz LATITUDE 23 25 49 N
LONGITUDE 87 52 32 E K = 1.33 LONGITUDE 87 32 07 E
AZIMUTH 296.56 DEG. % F = 100.00 AZIMUTH 116.42 DEG.
ELEVATION 28 M HASL ELEVATION 60 M HASL
ANTENNA CL 93.2 M AGL
ANTENNA CL 48 M AGL

97
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION
(HOP DETAILS)
(REFLECTION POINT PROFILE BURDWAN - MANKAR)

120

100

80

60

40

20
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 38.87
REFLECTION PLANE DEFINED BETWEEN 0.00 AND 38.87 Km FREQUENCY 2400 MHz
REFLECTION POINT LOCATION AT 24.2 Km FRESNEL ZONE 100 %F1

98
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION
(HOP DETAILS)
(TOWER HEIGHT CALCULATION SHEET BURDWAN - MANKAR)

BURDWAN MANKAR

LATITUDE 23 16 25 N 23 25 49 N

LONGITUDE 87 52 32 E 87 32 07 E

AZIMUTH 296.56 116.42

DISTANCE (Km) 38.87 38.87

DATUM NAD27 – CLARKE 1866 NAD27 – CLARKE 1866

UTM ZONE 45 45

EASTING (Km) 589.550 554.688

NORTHING (Km) 2573.930 2591.092

ELEVATION (M) 28.0 60.0

ANTENNA HEIGHT (M) 93.2 48.0

FREQUENCY (MHz) 2400 2400

POLARIZATION HORIZONTAL HORIZONTAL

99
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION
(HOP DETAILS)
(TOWER HEIGHT CALCULATION SHEET BURDWAN - MANKAR)

DISTANCE (Km) ELEVATION (M) OBSTRUCTION HEIGHT (M) AG

0.00 28.0
11.00 35.0 15 T
13.50 37.0 15 T
20.00 40.0 15 T
21.75 42.3 15 T
37.50 60.0 15 T
38.87 60.0

100
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION
(HOP DETAILS)
(RELIABILITY CALCULATION SHEET BURDWAN - MANKAR)

bur-man 1 .pl3-page 1 BURDWAN MANKAR

ELEVATION (M) 28.00 60.00
LATITUDE 23 16 25 N 23 25 49 N
LONGITUDE 87 52 32 E 87 32 07 E
AZIMUTH 296.56 116.42
ANTENNA TYPE (MAIN) DAX-12 DAX-12
ANTENNA HEIGHT (M) 93.19 48.02
ANTENNA GAIN (dBi) 38.00 38.00
RANDOM LOSS (dB) 0.25 0.25
TX LINE TYPE (MAIN) FOAM 1-1/4” FOAM 1-1/4”
TX LINE LENGTH (M) 116.00 68.00
TX LINE UNIT LOSS (dB/100 M) 5.20 5.20
TX LINE LOSS (dB) 6.03 3.54
CONNECTOR LOSS (dB) 1.00 1.00

101
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION
(HOP DETAILS)
(RELIABILITY CALCULATION SHEET BURDWAN - MANKAR)

bur-man 1 .pl3-page 2 BURDWAN MANKAR

CIRCULATOR BRANCHING LOSS (dB) 0.50 0.50
TX SWITCH LOSS (dB) 1.20 1.20
TX FILTER LOSS (dB) 2.00 2.00
RX HYBRID LOSS (dB) 2.50 2.50
RX FILTER LOSS (dB) 2.00 2.00
OTHER RX LOSS (dB) 3.00 3.00
FREQUENCY (MHz) 2400 2400

POLARIZATION HORIZONTAL HORIZONTAL

PATH LENGTH (Km) 38.87 38.87

FREE SPACE LOSS (Db) 131.86 131.86

ATMOS. ABSORPTION LOSS (dB) 0.24 0.24

NET PATH LOSS (dB) 79.88 79.88

TX FREQUENCY ASSIGNMENT (MHz) 2400 2400

TX POWER (WATTS) 0.89 0.89

102
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION
(HOP DETAILS)
(RELIABILITY CALCULATION SHEET BURDWAN - MANKAR)

bur-man 1 .pl3-page 3 BURDWAN MANKAR

TX POWER (dBm) 29.49 29.49

EFFECTIVE RADIATED POWER (dBm) 56.51 59.00

RX THRESHOLD CRITERIA 10 E -3 10 E -3

RX THRESHOLD LEVEL (dBm) -91 -91

MAXIMUM RECEIVED SIGNAL (dBm) -30 -30

RX SIGNAL (dBm) -50.39 -50.39

THERMAL FADE MARGIN (dB) 40.61 40.61

CLIMATIC FACTOR 0.50 0.50

TERRAIN ROUGHNESS (M) 6.10 6.10

C FACTOR 1.65 1.65

AVERAGE ANNUAL TEMP. (DEG. C) 28.00 28.00

DIVERSITY TYPE NON DIVERSITY NON DIVERSITY

103
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION
(HOP DETAILS)
(RELIABILITY CALCULATION SHEET BURDWAN - MANKAR)

bur-man 1 .pl3-page 4 BURDWAN MANKAR

WORST MONTH MULTIPATH 1 WAY (SEC) 31.83 31.83

WORST MONTH MULTIPATH 1 WAY (%) 99.998789 99.998789

ANNUAL MULTIPATH 1 WAY (SEC) 143.22 143.22

ANNUAL MULTIPATH 1 WAY (%) 99.999546 99.999546

ANNUAL MULTIPATH 2 WAY (%-SEC) 99.999092 – 286.44 99.999092 – 286.44

104
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION
(LINK DETAILS)
(GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION)

FOLLOWING INFORMATION CAN BE GIVEN IN A TABULAR

FORM:
• SL.NO. 1.
• STATION NAME BELMURI
• OWNER CLIENT NAME
• HASL (M) 11
• LONGITUDE 88 08 53 E
• LATITUDE 22 56 12 N
• AZIMUTH (DEGREES) 159.32 TOWARDS HOWRAH
323.24 TOWARDS BURDWAN
• TOWER HEIGHT (M) 90
• HOP DISTANCE (Km) 43.75 TOWARDS HOWRAH
46.61 TOWARDS BURDWAN
• REMARKS IF ANY SAY AIR STRIP NEAR BY

105
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION
(LINK DETAILS)
(TOWERS AND AERIALS)

FOLLOWING INFORMATION IS GIVEN IN A TABULAR FORM:

S.N. STATION STATION ANT. ANT. AZIMUTH TX LINE

FROM TO DIA.(M) HT. (M) DEGREE (M)

1 CALCUTTA HOWRAH 1.8 50 325.33 70

2 HOWRAH CALCUTTA 1.8 52.6 145.31 73

BELMURI 3.3 84.2,74.2 339.38 105, 95

3 BELMURI HOWRAH 3.3 80.2,74.2 159.32 101, 91

BURDWAN 4.0,2.4 83.4,73.4 323.24 104, 94

4 BURDWAN BELMURI 4.0, 2.4 96.5, 86.5 143.13 117, 107

MANKAR 4.0 93.2 296.56 116

5 MANKAR BURDWAN 4.0 48.0 116.42 68

PARULIA 3.0 41.9 313.76 62

6 PARULIA MANKAR 3.0 55.0 133.69 75

106
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION
(LINK DETAILS)
(REFLECTION POINTS)

S. NO. HOP FREQUENC HOP REFLECTION REMARKS

Y DISTANCE POINT LOCATION
(MHz) (Km)
(Km)

1 CALCUTTA-HOWRAH 2400 9.75 4.6 NO REF.

ANTICIPATED

2 HOWRAH-BELMURI 2400 43.75 22.3 NO REF.

ANTICIPATED

3 BELMURI-BURDWAN 2400 46.61 22.3 NO REF.

ANTICIPATED

4 BURDWAN-MANKAR 2400 35.33 24.2 NO REF.

ANTICIPATED

5 MANKAR-PARULIA 2400 29.96 12.0 NO REF.

ANTICIPATED

107
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION
(LINK DETAILS)
(FREQUENCY PLAN)

F
E
V D

f1’ H
f1
C
f1 f1’ V
f1’ B
26.96 Km H A
f1
V
35.33 Km f1
f1’
PARULIA MANKUR f1’ f1
46.61 Km
55 50
BURDWAN
100 43.75 Km
9.75 Km
BELMURI
85 HOWRAH CALCUTTA
85
108
50
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION
(LINK DETAILS)
(INTERFERENCE CALCULATIONS)

RE W. W. XP FB DD AD OL TO XP FB DD AD OL TO XP FB DD AD OL TO
C. S. S. D D TA D D TA D D TA
ST. F. F. L L L

A B 20 25 20 65

B A C 25 45 70 25 45 70 8.8 40 20 69
2

C B D 25 45 70 25 45 70 7.4 30 20 57
5

D C E 25 45 70 6.5 28 20 54 25 45 70
3

E D F 25 45 70 10. 20 20 50. 25 45 70
86 86

F E 11. 20 20 51
3

109
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION
(LINK DETAILS)
(OUTAGE TABLE)

S.NO. HOP ANNUAL-2 OUTAGE-2 REMARKS

WAY (%) WAY (SEC)
RELIABILITY

1 CALCUTTA-HOWRAH 99.999987 4.20 NON DIVERSITY

2 HOWRAH-BELMURI 99.999878 38.52 DIVERSITY

3 BELMURI-BURDWAN 99.999921 24.83 DIVERSITY

4 BURDWAN-MANKAR 99.999092 286.44 NON DIVERSITY

5 MANKAR-PARULIA 99.999745 80.40 NON DIVERSITY

110
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION
(LINK DETAILS)
(SYNOPTIC OF THE LINK)

96.5M
83.4M
93.2M
84.2M
86.5M 80.2M
873.4M
0 74.2M
.
55M 70.2M 2
48M 52.6M 50.0M

41.9M
55 M 50 M 100 M 85 M 85 M 50 M

29.96 Km 35.33 Km 46.61 Km 43.75 Km 9.75 Km

BELMURI HOWRAH CALCUTTA
PARULIA MANKAR BURDWAN

111
 FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION
(TECHNO - ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION)
{(CALCUTTA – PARULIA (DURGAPUR)}

FIBER OPTICS MICROWAVE

SL. DESCRIPTION QTY. UNIT TOTAL SL. DESCRIPTION QTY. UNIT TOTAL
NO. PRICE (US$) NO. PRICE (US$)
(US$) (US$)
1 OFC (12 F) 200 2500 500000 1 RADIO EQPT. S/D 4 24539 98156

2 LAYING OF OFC 200 1250 250000 2 RADIO R/R EQPT. 6 49078 294468

3 LINE TML. (FO) EQ. 4 7500 30000 3 MULTIPLEXERS 4 2500 10000

4 FIBER OPTIC R/R 1 15000 15000 4 SERVICE CH. UNIT 10 1035 10350

5 SERVICE CH. UNIT 4 1035 4140 5 ALARM CON. UNIT 10 2528 25280

6 ALARM CON. UNIT 4 2500 10000 6 NMS 1 26500 26500

7 NMS 1 26500 26500 7 ANT.& TX. LINE SYS. 14 6669 93366

8 MULTIPLEXERS 4 2500 10000 8 TOWERS (80m) 3 70000 210000

9 POWER PLANT 4 8750 35000 9 POWER PLANT 10 8000 80000

10 INST. & COMM. LS 176128 176128 10 INST. & COMM. LS 124836 124836

1056768 972956

112
 GUILDLINES
(SURVEY FOR LINE OF SIGHT LINKS)

1. Formation of team for survey

2. Collection of:
• Relevant survey instruments/tools etc.
• Topographical maps 1:25,000/50,000 scale with contour at 10 M.
• Site Profiles/Drawings
• Data on existing towers and availability of space
Antenna’s/Equipment.
• Customers specifications and requirements.
• Information about location of Radar Sites and Airports.
• Information about existing Terrestrial systems in the area.

113
 GUILDLINES
(SURVEY FOR LINE OF SIGHT LINKS)
3. Map Study as per tender requirements for Co-ordinates, altitude,
terrain conditions and LOS conditions.
4. Site survey:- Is carried out for each site to determine:
• Access road and approach to site
• Longitude, latitude, altitude and availability & stability of power
supply.
• Soil bearing capacity, weather conditions, availability of
Infrastructure etc.
6. Hop Survey: Map study and terrain between two site of each hop
is thoroughly trekked to determine:
• Altitude and heights of Near end obstructions, 1-2 Km points
along the LOS route for each hop.
• Water logging and other reflecting areas.
• Likely interference from nearby Radar and Airport sites.

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(SURVEY FOR LINE OF SIGHT LINKS)
7. Preparation of Drawings:
• Site lay out plan
• Path profiles: Clearance criteria (as per client’s
requirements) , heights of critical points (as per survey)
to be taken into account.
8. Finalization of:
• Tower Heights:-are calculated for each hop. K-factor,
first fresnel zone clearance, critical points, reflection
points and diversity option are main factors.
• Received level and reliability calculations as specified.
9. Finalization of System Design: Transmitter Power,
location of Terminals, Repeaters, Antenna
Size/Type/Gain, TX line-Type/Loss.

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BHARTI CELLULAR LIMITED-EASTERN REGION

1.TRANSMISSION DESIGN CRITERIA (ACCESS PLANNING):

• POWER TRANSMIT: 18 dBm FOR FLEXIHOPPER 18 GHz RADIOS.
• POWER TRANSMIT: 20 dBm FOR FLEXIHOPPER 15 GHz RADIOS.
• TRAFFIC CAPACITY: CAN BE 4E1, 8E1 OR 16E1.
• RADIO OPERATING MODES: SINGLE (1+0) FOR SITES IN LOOP/RING.
HSB (1+1) FOR REMOTE LOOP SITES. FOR SPUR LINKS WILL BE
(1+0) BUT WILL BE (1+1) IF TWO MORE SITES DEPENDENT ON IT.
• 1E1 TO BE COSIDERED FOR CITY SITES.
• RECEIVER THRESHOLD POWER AT BER: -81 dBm FOR 15GHz 16X2.
• RECEIVER THRESHOLD POWER AT BER: -83 dBm FOR 15GHz 8X2.
• RECEIVER THRESHOLD POWER AT BER: -86 dBm FOR 15GHz 4X2.
• INTERFERENCE MARGIN: 3 TO 4 Db.
• RELIABILITY OF LINKS: 99.995 FOR ACCESS LINKS AND 99.999 FOR
BACKBONE.

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BHARTI CELLULAR LIMITED-EASTERN REGION
• FADE MARGIN: 35-40 dB.
• RAIN REGION: N (120 mm/h)
• ANTENNA SIZES: 0.6 M AND IF REQUIRED 1.2 M.
• ANTENNA HEIGHT: MAX. 40 M.
• ANTENNA SIZES FOR BB LINKS: 1.8 M/ 2.0 M.
• ANTENNA HEIGHT FOR BB LINKS: 80 M.
PREFERENCE IS TO ESTABLISH AS MANY AS LOOPS AS POSSIBLE, SINCE
IT PRODUCES 10-100 FOLDS IMPROVEMENT IN THE LINK AVAILABILITY
COMPARED TO SINGLE NON-PROTECTED LINK.
Microwave Radio Type Maximum Hop Distance (Km)
Antenna Sizes for both Sites
FlexiHopper 15G, H Pol. 120 mm/hr. V Pol. 120 mm/hr.
16E1 (1+0) 0.6 m 1.2 m 0.6 m 1.2 m
5.0 Km 7.5 Km 6.5 Km 10.5 Km
FOR LOS STUDY 100 % F.F.Z. CLEARANCE AT K=4/3, WILL BE CONSIDERED FOR
ACCESS NETWORK PLANNING.

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BHARTI CELLULAR LIMITED-EASTERN REGION

2. BACKBONE TRANSMISSION DESIGN CRITERIA:

• POWER TRANSMIT: 24 dBm FOR CERAGON STM-1 RADIOS.
• POWER TRANSMIT: 23 dBm FOR FLEXIHOPPER 7 GHz RADIOS.
• RADIO OPERATING MODES: HSB (1+1) FOR ALL LINKS.
• SPACE DIVERSITY WILL BE USED FOR ALL BACKBONE SDH LINKS.
FOR SPUR LINKS NOKIA WILL PERFORM LINK AVAILABILITY
CALCULATIONS.
• TRAFFIC CAPACITY: STM-1 FOR Ceragon 7GHz (28 MHz BW) and
16E1 for Nokia FlexiHopper 7 GHz (28MHz BW).
• RECEIVER THRESHOLD POWER AT BER10 raised to power minus 6:
-68 dBm for Ceragon radios.
• RECEIVER THRESHOLD POWER AT BER TEN RAISED TO POWER
MINUS 6: -81dBmFOR FLEXIHOPPER 7 GHz 16X2 RADIOS.
• LINK RELIABILITY: 99.999 AND FOR SECTION 99.995.

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BHARTI CELLULAR LIMITED-EASTERN REGION

• RAIN ZONE: 120 MM/HR. RAIN INTENSITY (0.01 %).

• FADE MARGIN: 35-40 Db
• MAXIMUM HOP LENGTH IN 7 GHz FOR STM-1 CAPACITY IS GIVEN.
• SL.NO. FREQ. LINK CONFIG. ANTENNA SIZES
1.2 M 1.8 M 2.4 M

• 1 7 GHz (1+0) 13.5Km 17.4Km 19.4Km

(1+1)HSB 12.0Km 15.7Km 17.9Km
(1+1)HSB WITH S/D 17Km 28Km 35Km
FOR LOS STUDY, 100 % FIRST FREZNEL ZONE CLEARANCE AT
K=4/3 AND 60 % F.F.Z. CLEARANCE ATK=2/3 WILL BE CONSIDERED
FOR BACK BONE PLANNING.

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SUBMISSION FOR LOS AND OFC LINKS

CONCLUSION: The course has been developed with the objective,

that, Engineers come out of colleges with more theoretical
knowledge and are not aware of actual field problems. International
Exposure experienced during last 20 years on similar assignments
have been shared.

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Tick (√) on one’s

1. (a) Free space loss increases if frequency is increased and decreases if distance
is increased.
(b) Free space loss decreases with the increase of both distance and frequency.
(c) Free space loss increases with the increase of both distance and frequency.
2. (a) First Fresnel Zone Radius increases with increase in distance and decreases
with increase in frequency.
(b) First Fresnel Zone Radius decreases with increase in distance and increases
with increase in frequency.
(c) First Fresnel Zone Radius decreases both with the with increase in distance
and in frequency.
3. For standard atmosphere value of K is: (a) K=1 (b) K=4/3 (c) K=2/3
4. In a hop Earth Bulge is maximum at (a) the ends (b) the center (c) the critical
obstructed point.
5. Reflection point area lies between a K factor of: (a) K=1 and K=Infinity.
(b) K=4/3 and K=2/3 (c) K=7/6 and K=5/12.

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6. For a hop if all other parameters are kept same, for K=4/3 tower height will be (a)
less (b) more (c) equal in comparison with K=2/3.
7. If frequency diversity is used, the separation between two frequencies is generally
kept (a) 12-20 % (b) 2-3% (c) 5-10%.
8. Separation between Space Diversity antenna’s is to the tune of:
(a) 100-200 λ (b) 5-10 λ (c) 20-40 λ.
9. CCIR defines availability of radio relay links over hypothetical reference circuit of
2500 Km route as (a) 97.9 % (b) 79.7 % (c) 99.7 %.
10. India is located between following co-ordinates:
(a) Latitude 8 º - 36 º N, Longitude 68 º - 96 º E
(b) Latitude 8 º - 36 º S, Longitude 68 º - 96 º W
(c) Latitude 8 º - 36 º N, Longitude 68 º - 96 º W
11. Azimuthal angles or bearing is measured from:
(a) True South (b) True North (c) True East
12. Maximum height of line of sight towers is normally limited to:
(a) 200 M (b) 300 M (c) 100 M

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13. Reliability of a LOS hop can be improved by:

(a) Space Diversity (b) Increasing the hop distance (c) Decreasing tower height.
14. On a straight link when single frequency is used in tandem, normally change of
polarization is recommended every: (a) 3rd hop (b) hop (c) 5th hop (d) depends on
the configuration of the route.

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