“Deductive and
inductive arguments ”
Deductive Arguments
Is an argument in which it
is thought that the
premises provide a
guarantee of the truth of
the conclusion.
Inductive Arguments
Isan arguments in which
the conclusion is claimed
or intended to follow
necessarily from the
premises.
Example # 1.
All bats are mammals.
All mammals are warm
blooded.
So, all bats are warm
blooded.
Premise
Anassumption/
hypothesis providing
support or reason for
accepting the
conclusion.
4 test can determine whether an
argument is DEDUCTIVE or
INDUCTIVE;
1. Indicator word test
2.Strict necessity test
3.Common pattern test
4.Principle of charity test
Indicator Test
Asks whether there are any
indicator words are provide
clues whether a deductive
or inductive is being
offered.
Common deductive indicator
words
◦Include word or phrases
like necessarily,
logically, it must be the
case that, and this
proves that.
Common induction idicator
Words includes words or
phrases like probably,
likely, it is plausible to
suppose that, it is
reasonable to think that,
and it’s a good bet that.
Kristin is a law student.
Most law students own
laptops.
So, probably Kristin owns a
laptop.
Common pattern test
Ask whether the arguments
exhibits a pattern of
reasoning that is
characteristically deductive
or inductive.
Either Kurt voted in the last
election, or he didn’t.
Only citizens can vote.
Kurt is not, and has never
been, a citizen.
So, Kurt didn’t vote in the last
election.
Strict necessity test
Ask whether the conclusion
follows from the premises with
strict logical necessity. If it
does, then the arguments is
deductive.
Principles of charity test
We should always
interpret an unclear
argument or passage as
generously as possible.
Arnie: harry told me his
grandmother recently climb
Mt. Everest.
Sam: well, harry must be
pulling your leg. Harry’s
grandmother is over 90
years old and walks with a
came.
Tess: are there any good Italian
restaurants in town?
Don: Yeah, Luigi’s is pretty good.
I’ve had their
Mushroom ravioli. I don’t think you
can go wrong with any of their
pasta dishes.
Iwonder if I have enough cash to buy
my psychology textbook as well as my
biology and history textbooks. Let’s
see I have $200 my biology textbook
costs $65 and my history textbook
costs $52. my psychology textbook
cost $60. with taxes, that should
come to about $190. yep, I have
enough.
Mother: don’t give Billy that brownie. If
contains walnuts. And I think Billy is allergic
to walnuts. Last week he ate some oatmeal
cookies with walnuts. And he broke out in a
severe rash.
Father: Billy isn’t allergic to walnuts. Don’t
you remember he ate some walnut fudge ice
cream at Melissa’s Birthday party last spring?
He didn’t have any allergic reaction then.
Johnis an agnostic. It necessarily follows tjat
he doesn’t believe in God.
Larry: do you think representative
Porkmeister will be re elected?
Norman: I doubt it Porkmeister’s district has
become more conservative in recent year.
Porkmeister is a liberal democrat, and 63%
of the registered voters in his district are
now republicans.
Ifbuster walked to the
game, then he didn’t
drive to the game. Buster
didn’t drive to the game
therefore, buster walked
to the game.
THANK YOU
Group 3
