01

ASSOSA UNIVERSITY
FUNDAMENTAL OF
CEng3094
ARCHITECTURE
Prepared by Abenezer G.
(Arch)
02

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
AND ARCHITECTURAL
DESIGN PROCESS
06

BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION
07 BUILDING:

Introduction: Building Construction

 It is a traditional Science which deals with the modern methods of sound construction
incorporating appropriate use of materials, sufficient strength and permanence, maximum
utility and good proportion and grace.
 The building design has traditionally been the responsibility of the Architect though the
building construction has been the responsibility of the civil Engineer. However, the
structural design of the building is the responsibility of a civil Engineer.
08 BUILDING:

Any structure for whatsoever purpose and of whatsoever materials

constructed and every part whether used as human habitation or not and
includes
FOUNDATIONS ,
PLINTH WALLS FLOORS,
ROOFS ,
CHIMNEYS, PLUMBING AND
BUILDING SERVICES
fixed flat forms, verandah, balcony, cornice or projections, any thing
affixed there to or any wall enclosing the building.
02 Types of Building

Types of building
1. Residential building
Those building in which sleeping accommodation is provided for normal residential purposes with or
with out cooking or dinning or both facilities.
2. Educational building:
These include any building used for school college , or day care purposes for more than 8 hours per
week involving assembly for instruction, education or recreation.
3. Institutional building:
Includes any building or part which is used for purposes such as medical or other treatment or care
of persons suffering from physical or mental illness, disease, for penal or correctional purposes.
-Institutional buildings ordinarily provide sleeping accommodation for the occupants.
E.g. Hospitals , penal institutions.
09 Types of Building

4. Assembly Building
Includes any building or part of building where group of people congregate or gather for
amusement, recreation, social, religious, patriotic, civil, travel and similar purposes
e.g. Theatres, dance halls, assembly halls etc.
5. Business Buildings
Includes buildings for the transaction of business for the keeping of accounts and records.
e.g. City halls , court houses
6. Mercantile Buildings
Includes any building or part of building which is used as shops, stores, markets, for display
and sale of merchandise, either whole sale or retail.
10 Types of Building

7. Industrial buildings
Any building or part of a building or structure in which products or materials of all kinds
and properties are fabricated, assembled or processed.
e.g. Assembly plants, laboratories, power plant, pumping stations refineries
8. Storage Buildings
Used primarily for the storage or sheltering of goods, wares, merchandise
e.g. Warehouses, cold storage , store houses, freight deposit.
9. Hazardous Buildings
Used for storage, handling, manufacturing or processing of highly combustible or explosive
materials or products which are liable to burnt with extreme rapidity and/ or which produces
poisonous fumes or explosions.
11 Types of Building

The main Considerations in the architectural design of buildings for

all purposes are:
 Climate and its effects
 People and their requirements
 Materials for Construction and method of construction
 Regulations and by laws
12

ARCHITECTURAL
DESIGN PROCESS
13

The Design Process

The Design Process is an approach for breaking down a large project into
manageable chunks. Architects, engineers, scientists, and other thinkers
use the design process to solve a variety of problems.
14 The Architectural Design Process

Where to begin?
15 The Classic Steps to the Process
 The process is typically broken down into the following steps:
1. Pre-Design Phase (PD)
2. Schematic Design Phase (SD)
3. Design Development Phase (DD)
4. Construction Documents Phase (CD)
5. Bidding & Negotiation Phase (BN)
6. Construction Observation/Contract Administration Phase
(CA)
7. Supplemental Services (SS)
16 1. Pre-Design Phase (PD) - “Look before you leap”

We gather the information necessary to begin design, and

avoid trouble along the way.
Services may include:
• Develop a program (list of project objectives) and budget
• Obtain site survey (outside consultant)
• Obtain septic analysis and design (outside consultant)
 17 SITE SELECTION AND ANALYSIS

Numerous elements go into a given site

analysis.
These elements include
• Location
• Neighborhood context
• Site and zoning
• Legal elements
• Natural physical features
• Man-made features
• Circulation
• Utilities
• Sensory
• Human and cultural, and
• Climate components.
 A. Site selection and analysis
18 • Location : The site should be related to major streets
or landmarks previously existing.
• Neighborhood context : information of this type can
typically be found at the municipal planning
department of the site.

Features of this sort include

 Architectural patterns

 Street lighting

 Condition of existing buildings

 Existing paths (pedestrian, cyclist, and vehicle)

 Landmarks and nodes

 human and cultural, and climate components

 19 Site and zoning : 
Site boundaries can be located by either verifying the
dimensions physically or contacting the county tax
assessor’s office.

Zoning classifications
• Set-backs
• Height restrictions
• Allowable site coverage
• Uses, and
• Parking requirement

These are obtained by taking zoning classifications from

a zoning map, which can be located from the city
planning department.
 Cont. …
20
Legal elements : 

• The property description,

• Present ownership, and
• The governmental jurisdiction, and
• The city or county.

Natural physical features :

From the topographic features on the site and a
contour map
• Drainage problems
• existing natural features of trees,
• ground cover,
• ground texture, and soil conditions on the site.
 Cont. …
21

Man made features :

• Buildings,
• Walls,
• Fences,
• Plazas,
• Bus stop shelters

Circulation :
• The uses of streets, roads,
alleys, sidewalks, and plazas.
 Cont. …
22 Utilities :the location of all utilities and their
locations around or on the site itself.

Human and cultural : activities among

people on the site and their relationships to
these activities.

Climate :
• The sun-path and vertical sun angles
throughout an entire year.
• Wind speed and direction
• rainfall,
• snowfall,
• humidity, and
• temperature over months .
23 B. INFORMATION GATHERING AND LITERATURE REVIEW

In this stage of the designing

process we gather information
and standards on the project we
are about to design.

• Standard room sizes/areas

• Functions and utilities
• Circulation area requirements ,
ventilation and lighting
treatments.
• Room arrangements/adjacency
24 C. CASE STUDY

It connects the project with prior

experience.

We study on an already exiting design.

We explore the merits of the design and
try not to repeat the demerits.
This might include floor plans, site plan,
elevations, and some important details
of the existing design.
25 D. CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

The idea that makes your project

unique.

You might have an idea that you want to

translate into a tangible form, or
Your concept can also be functional.
26 E. PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT

On this stage of the design we make list of

functions that you want to incorporate on your
design.

This include

 Units: number/amount of single unit in the

whole structure.
 Unit area(m2) : the unit area of each unit.
 Adjacency: which units are adjacent to each
other.
 Natural light: which units require natural
lighting, you can label them with amount of
lighting they require(from high to minimum)
 Plumbing: which units require sanitation lines.
You can label them as a yes or no.
 Remark: any special treatments you want to
apply
27 F. BUBBLE DIAGRAM

simple diagram showing the connection

between function
This include

 Circulation
 Adjacency
 Entrances
28 G. BLOCK DIAGRAM

A scaled diagram showing the room arrangements.

You arrange the room in such a way that they can

produce the shape of the actual floor plan.
You might indicate the location of door and windows
and the external dimensions.
No details and furnishing.
29 2. SCHEMATIC DESIGN

THE SO CALLED BASIC LAY OUT

• Single line floor plans, with all the windows,
doors and dimensioning (both external and
internal ) and furnishing.
• Elevations /might not be dimensioned
• Sections/ might not be dimensioned
Three dimensional form/ at least the outline.
 In this phase, the architect:-
• Reviews and
• Creates a detailed program with the client
 3. Design Development Phase (DD)
–
30 “Bring the idea into focus”

Based on the results of SD, we develop the design with more specifics
in form, material, products, etc. 
These decisions help solidify design issues in preparation for the
construction documents. 
Drawings are typically larger and more accurately drafted than SD. 
A number of specific products may be researched and selected.  Square
footage and cost are revisited
 OR INTERMEDIATE
31 DESIGN

At this stage you should have a

complete design.

Double line floor plans with all the

details, dimensions and furnishing
Elevations/dimensioned
Sections /dimensioned
Three dimensional form/rendered.
Details/optional
 Cont. …
32
 Cont. …
33
34 FINAL DESIGN
This is more of a presentational stage.

You will correct your mistakes from the

consultations and prepare the final presentational
drawings.
You should have all the documentation ready
including design report.
It is more advisable to use colors.
 Cont. …
35 This is more of a presentational stage.

You will correct your mistakes from the

consultations and prepare the final presentational
drawings.
You should have all the documentation ready
including design report.
It is more advisable to use colors.
36
37
38 4. Construction Documents Phase (CD)
“Engineer & detail the project for construction”

Based on the results of CD, we prepare the necessary

drawings,
written specifications and
other documents needed
by the contractor to price and build the project.  These are also the documents
required for a building permit.
39

• Once the owner has approved the design development phase, the
architect starts working on producing working drawings and on the
specifications production whereby the design is translated into detailed
working drawings (commonly known as ‘blueprints’) and the
specifications, which the Contractor will use to establish actual
construction costs and build the project.
40

These working drawings or blueprints and specifications are prepared in order to

define in detail
all of the materials that are to be used in the project and
where they are to be located,
as well as how they are to be installed.
These drawings and specifications become part of the construction contract.
41

Although this phase is primarily intended to work out the technical

aspects of the project, some design work also takes place.
During this stage, plumbing fixtures, light fixtures, and finish
materials such as tile, carpet, paint colors, etc. are selected with the
client. Finally, the owner reviews the project.
42 5. Bidding & Negotiation Phase (BN)
“Arriving at a contract for construction”

If the project is to be bid, competitive bids are solicited from a number

of contractors after the Construction Documents are finished. 
You have the option of accepting one of the bids as given, rejecting all
bids, or negotiating a modified bid with one of the bidders.
  You are not obligated to accept the lowest bid, nor are you obligated to
accept any of them. Alternatively, you may choose to select a single
builder and negotiate an agreement with him.
43
During the bidding and negotiation phase, the architect may assist the customer in
obtaining competitive bids or bid evaluations, as well as invitations to bid, and
instructions to bidders.
The architect creates and specifies the conditions of the contract, and the form of
agreement between the owner and the contractor and furthermore, the architect
prepares and distributes sets of drawings and specifications, answers contractor
questions, interprets the documents, and prepares additional revisions to the original
drawings or specifications.
Once the bids are received, the architect analyzes the results and prepares the
contract between the customer and the selected contractor.
44 6. Construction Observation/Contract Administration
Phase (CA) “Executing the plan”

 Of course, the final phase of the process is the construction.

During this phase, the architect review the progress of the work and facilitates any
changes that may be required by visiting the construction site and observing the
construction to determine, in general, if the project is being built according to the
plans and specifications.
45

The architect answers questions, reviews submissions and shop

drawings (manufacturers\' drawings of specific elements to be
incorporated within the project), and reviews monthly certificates of
payment that are submitted by the contractor and processes change
orders.
The architect generally keeps the owner informed of the project\'s progress.
However, the contractor is solely responsible for construction methods, schedules,
techniques, and procedures.
Final selections of finishes and fixtures are also made here. The architect, upon
completion of this phase, thoroughly inspects the project to ensure that it has been
completed according to the plans.
46 7. Supplemental Services (SS)

Services not included in the core services of SD through CA above, but

that may be desirable or necessary.
Services may include:
• Zoning Variance application forms, documents and presentation
• Coastal Area Management review forms, documents and presentation
• Historic District review forms, documents and presentation
• Computer based or physical three dimensional model
• “Clerk of the Works” or Construction Management services
46

PRINCIPLES OF
BUILDING PLANNING
46
Planning of a building

The planning of a building is an art and it assumes certain laws and basic principles
which are applicable to a wide variety of a building.
The objective of the planning of a building is to arrange and set out all the different
units so as to satisfy their functional requirements by making use of the available
space economically.
46
Basic Principles of Building Planning
The following are the basic 1. Aspect
2. Prospect
principles of Building
3. Privacy
Planning: 4. Roominess
5. Grouping
6. Circulation
7. Furniture requirement
8. Flexibility
9. Sanitation
10.Elegance
11. Economy
46

Aspect, Prospect, Privacy

46

1. Aspect:
 Aspect means skillful arrangement of doors and windows in the external wall of
a building which allows the occupants to enjoy the natural gift such as :-
sunshine,
breeze,
scenery, etc.
46
1. Aspect
46 2. Prospect:
It is the arrangement of windows and doors in external wall of the structure
so as to reveal certain desired views and at the same time concealing
undesired views from inside.
46 3. Privacy:
A. Privacy of a part or all parts of building from another building
B. Privacy from one room to another
46

Roominess, Grouping, Circulation,

Furniture Requirement
46 4. Roominess
It refers to the effect produced by making the best of small portions of
room by deriving maximum benefit from minimum dimensions.
46 5. Grouping:
 The buildings consist of many rooms (units) with each room having a
definite function. all the units should be joined(grouped) together, so
that the people visiting one unit from the other should feel invited.
46 6. Circulation:
 Circulation indicates movement inside the building in the horizontal plane or in
vertical plane.
46 6. Circulation
46 7. Furniture Requirement
 For a given type of building and for a given number of people using the room,
without overcrowding. The furniture requirement along with their sizes can be
predetermined.
 The rooms should be planned such that there will be enough space around such
furniture placement. For this, the sketches showing the position of beds, tables,
cupboards, racks, etc. are prepared to determine the required size.
46

Flexibility, Sanitation, Elegance,

Economy
46
8. Flexibility:
To facilitate accommodation of changes in the plan of the building in future if
necessary.
46 9. Sanitation:

Sanitation includes provision of sufficient light, ventilation and facilities of general

cleaning and sanitary units.
46 10. Elegance
It is the effect produced by the elevation and general plan of the building. It is the
aesthetics of the building with feelings of beauty and luxury in the appearance of the
building.
46
11. Economy
It is not the principles but rather a factor on which the planning is to be based. A
solid and strong building structure certainly will prove to be cheaper in long run,
since its maintenance would be bare minimum.
46
46

THANK
YOU!!!
46

Quiz
46

1. Why do you learn fundamental of

architecture?
2. What are the process of architectural
drawing?
3. What are the basic principles of building
planning?