MODULE 4: LEARNING FROM
OTHERS AND REVIEWING
THE LITERATURE
by: Robbie D. Pineda
LESSON 2
Criteria in Selecting, Citing, and
Synthesizing the Related Literature
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Different elements of a typical research literature
1. Journals are published in issues
at regular intervals usually weekly,
monthly or quarterly. Because of
the regularity of publication they are
also known as periodicals or
serials.
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Different elements of a typical research literature
This regularity means that each
new issue contains articles that
describe the latest research
findings; this is a distinct advantage
over other publication media such
as books that take longer to
produce and update.
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Different elements of a typical research literature
There are basically two main types
of journal: 1) Research journals are
published peer-reviewed articles; 2)
Professional journals are published
articles on professional issues,
service developments, the use of
research findings in practice and
some short research articles.
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Different elements of a typical research literature
2. Theses and dissertations are
very detailed and comprehensive
accounts of research work. They
are usually submitted for a higher
degree at a university. Like reports
their publicity and distribution may
be very limited.
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Different elements of a typical research literature
3. Conference proceedings comprise
brief summaries of research work
presented at conferences. A more
detailed and complete account of the
work may appear at a later date in a
journal article, report or thesis.
Researchers often use conferences to
present preliminary findings of their
work.
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Different elements of a typical research literature
4. Books and textbooks generally
provide comprehensive overviews
of a particular subject. In doing so
they may refer to, sometimes
extensively, the research literature
found in journal articles, reports,
conference proceedings or theses.
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Source
1. Hewitt, How To Source: Hewitt,
Michael. How to Search And
Critically Evaluate Research
Literature. (2009)
2. Aveyard, Helen. Doing A Literature
Review In Health And Social Care:
A Practical Guide.
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Wallace and Wray (2006, p.92) have
provided a simple categorization
system to help students identify the
literature they have. They describe
how the literature students
encounter tends to fall into one of
five categories: 1) Theoretical; 2)
Research; 3) Empirical; 4) Practice;
and 5) Policy.
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1. Theoretical literature
describes expected or
anticipated relationships about
the way things happen.
*A theory is developed that is
then refined or refuted when
further evidence is obtained.
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2) Research literature
generally refers to a report of a
systematic investigation that has
been undertaken in response to
the need to answer a specific
question,
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3) Empirical research
is a research that is
undertaken through the
observation and measurement of
the world around us. It studies
the use of observation,
experience or experimentation to
collect new data.
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4) Practice literature
is written by practitioners about
their field of expertise. This can
come in many different forms—
expert opinion, discussion
papers, debate, information from
websites, patient information
leaflets, and reports of good
practice
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5) Policy literature
tells practitioners how to act in
a set of circumstances. Policies
and guidelines can be written
from a given set of
circumstances. Policies and
guidelines can be written from a
local or national perspective, or
in some cases international.
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Aveyard, H. (2014) presented
a list of steps to help students
with their Literature Review
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1. Developing a systematic
approach to searching for
literature This is
vital for students undergoing
literature review. It should be
done in a systematic way
ensuring that they search for
relevant texts on their topic.
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2. Identify the literature that
will address students review
question
Initially students must develop
a strategy to articulate the focus
of literature that will seek to
answer their questions.
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The inclusion and exclusion
criteria will be specific to their
individual literature review but
examples of appropriate
inclusion and exclusion criteria
might be as follows:
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Example of inclusion criteria
• Primary research relating to
energy consumption and those
who use alternative renewable
energy sources
• Filipino language only
• Published literature
• 2006 onwards
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Example of exclusion criteria
• Primary research relating to
those who use solar panels
other than traditional sources
from an electric company
• None Filipino language
• Unpublished research
• Pre-2006
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How to write a concise review
of related literature
Doing the review of related literature is not the
usual enumeration of references. Presentation of
the data gathered should be by topic based on
the given objectives of the research. The
literature should not be too detailed or brief. Text
should be based on the current edition of the
American Psychological Association (APA),
Modern Language Association of America (MLA)
or the Chicago Manual of Style and other
standards relevant to one‘s discipline.
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The type of reference style will
depend on the research studies of the
student namely: 1) APA: Psychology,
Education and other Social Sciences; 2)
MLA: Arts and Humanities; 3) Chicago:
History and many other subjects in
scholarly and non-scholarly work 4)
Turbian: an adoption of the Chicago
Style; 5) AMA: Medicine, health, and
Biological courses.
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The references for each of the following
styles may be seen and searched on the
following websites for references:
1) APA:
• http://student.ucol.ac.nz/library/onlineresourc
es/Documents/APA_guide_2015.pdf
• http://web.calstatela.edu/library/guides/3apa.
pdf
• http://www.ecu.edu/cs-
dhs/laupuslibrary/upload/apa_style_guide_6t
h_ed_oct09.pdf
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2) MLA:
• http://www.lib.washington.edu/help/guid
es/44mla.pdf
• http://lib.trinity.edu/research/citing/MLA
CitationStyle.pdf
• https://www.library.unlv.edu/help/mla_2
009.pdf
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3) Chicago:
• https://www.utica.edu/academic/library/
Chicago.pdf
• http://www.msvu.ca/site/media/msvu/St
yleGuideChicago(1).pdf
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4) Turabian/Chicago:
• https://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/PDF/
chicago_turabian_uwmadison_writingc
enter_june2013.pdf
• http://www.otago.ac.nz/library/pdf/chica
go-turabianstyle.pdf
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5) AMA:
• http://www.lib.jmu.edu/citation/amaguid
e.pdf
• http://library.stkate.edu/sites/default/file
s/sites/citingwriting/citeAMA.pdf
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THANK YOU!
