Estimation of Rainfall Data by Arithmetic Mean Method
Course Code-CEL-208
Course: HYDROLOGY
Department of Civil Engineering
VNIT NAGPUR
List of Students
• Sambangi Hima Bindhu-BT19CIV092
• Sarekokku Nalin Prabhat-BT19CIV093
• Sarthak Yadav-BT19CIV094
• Satya Prakash Pandey-BT19CIV095
• Satyam Tiwari-BT19CIV096
• Saudagar Aslam Shahbaj Rahimoddin-BT19CIV097
Under The Guidance of Avinash D Vasudeo
Overview
Introduction
Estimation of Rainfall Data
Rain Gauge and It’s Structure
Water Shed
Arithmetic Mean Method
Some Solved Examples
Advantages and Disadvantages
Conclusion
References
External links
Introduction
Hydrology is the science that encompasses the study of water on the Earth’s
surface and beneath the surface of the Earth, the occurrence and movement of
water, the physical and chemical properties of water, and its relationship with
the living and material components of the environment.Hydrologists examine
the physical processes involved in the global water cycle, which spans most
disciplines in Earth and environmental sciences.
The hydrological community includes physical scientists, engineers, and water
resource managers, and in common practice it is distinct from the oceanography
and atmospheric science communities, because hydrology concentrates on
surface water and groundwater in terrestrial environments. The Earth Systems
and Environmental Science module adopts this convention, and this article
provides an overview of the core areas of hydrology: the global water cycle, lakes,
rivers, wetlands, groundwater, the cryosphere, water resources, aquatic biology,
and water chemistry.
Estimation of Rainfall Data is done by Arithmetic Mean Method ,Regression
method ,Normal Ratio Method ,Inverse Distance Method.
In this study , We’ll majorly focus on the Estimation of Rainfall Data by
Arithmetic Mean Method
Estimation Of Rainfall data
Meteorological study of rainfall is crucial to sustain
a civilization , because it is precipitation which
helps in replenishment of groundwater ,glaciers,
lakes which are important if considered from
water supply point of view.
Planning of rainwater storage, drainage are
dependent on the data which we get by measuring
rainfall ,because it is a natural phenomena that
there is a incompleteness , mis judgement of
data due to data inconsistency ,tropical
changes in climate ,wildlife hinderance.
For accurate planning of water resources
we need to have proper analysis of past
data and information of different rainfall
patterns.
It is necessary to estimate the missing
record using data from the neighboring
station because the point observation from
a precipitation gauge may have a short
break in the record because of instrument
failure or absence of the observer.
The method for estimating missing
rainfall data can be different for
different climatic zones depending
on the rainfall pattern and spatial
distribution.
One of the methods to estimate the
rainfall data is Arithmetic Mean
Method.
Rain Gauge and It’s Structure
Source: https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-
AkhxhWdOGZ8/XAsX4GUhbhI/AAAAAAAAAGw/qdf7svCG9_gmoSCtBYFZWGdiPXs36rx
gACEwYBhgL/w280/main-qimg-69a68b16924d0428d785e5c82e3f0cdd.webp
Water Shed
Arithmetic Mean Method
Thisis the Simplest method of estimating average
rainfall.
Average rainfall is calculated by arithmetic mean
of recorded rainfalls of various stations.
If P1,P2,P3,P4…..Pn are the rainfall values
measured from n gauge stations, then we have
Pavg
Example-1
Using Arithmetic Average Method Find Average Rainfall Over a Catchment. The
Rain gauge Data is 15,19,20,16.6,22 and 28mm
Station no: Precipitation(mm)
1 15
2 19
3 20
4 16.6
5 22
6 28
Total Precipitation=15+19+20+16.6+22+28=120.6mm
Average Precipitation=120.6/6=30.1mm
Source:
http://anyflip.com/guryc/sulh/basic
Example-2
Find the missing monthly precipitation of station ‘D’
Station Annual Precipitation(mm) Monthly Precipitation(mm)
A 420 26
B 410 31
C 390 23
D 410
Solution:
10% of Nd=(10/100)x410=41
410+41=451
410-41=369
Na ,Nb ,Nc lies in the range of 369-451.
So, Arithmetic Mean Method is applicable
Pd=1/3(26+31+23)
Pd=26.667mm
References: K.Subramanya (1994) Engineering Hydrology Third Edition, V.P.Singh
(1994) Elementary Hydrology.
Example-3
Find out the missing storm precipitation at station ‘C’ given in the following
table
Station Storm Precipitation(mm) Normal Annual
Precipitation(mm)
A 9.7 100.3
B 8.3 109.5
C 93.5
D 11.7 125.7
E 8.0 117.5
Station Storm Precipitation(mm) Normal Annual
Precipitation(mm)
A 9.7 100.3
B 8.3 109.5
C 93.5
D 11.7 125.7
E 8.0 117.5
Solution:
10% of Nc=(10/100)x93.5=9.35
9.35+93.5=102.85
93.5-9.35=84.15
So Na , Nb , Nd , Ne should be in the range of 84.15-102.85.
But Nb , Nd , Ne lies beyond this range.
So, this method is not applicable.
References: K.Subramanya (1994) Engineering Hydrology Third Edition, V.P.Singh
(1994) Elementary Hydrology.
Advantages Disadvantages
This is the Simplest method of To apply this method , data of
estimating average rainfall and to fill in
atleast 3 surrounding stations
missing meteorological data in the
meteorology and climatology. should be available.
Average rainfall is calculated by The index station should be
arithmetic mean of recorded rainfalls nearly evenly placed in the
of various stations. This is the best
catchment area.
method when the stations are evenly
placed. The most important thing to
By Calculating the average mean consider i.e, this method can
rainfall of the neighbouring stations of only be applied when the
the inoperative station , we can
estimate the missing data nearly
Normal annual rainfall say ‘X’
accurate. should be within 10% of the
Normal annual rainfall of the
surrounding stations.
Conclusion
From the theoretical and practical analysis of this report, it can be observed that how
much precipitation is important for us.
Since over 97% of water in our world resides in the oceans and nearly 2% of the fresh
water is available(a 2014 report of WMO) for all our basic needs like house hold
consumption, irrigation, water for animals and in many industries also. So the present
source of water is critically stressed and if this condition doesn’t improve, may be our
future generation will hardly survive being relying on ground water sources.
So, we need to understand the current scenario and feel the importance of
rainfall/precipitation as a source of water for future survival. Hence the measurement of
precipitation(rain,snow,hail,etc) takes the significance importance for hydrological
calculations as well as for our future existence.
• Through Arithmetic Mean Method(AMM) it is possible to find missing data with accuracy
when the plain elevation is nearly same
• It is highly appreciable numerical analysis in weather forecasting
• For the best outcome, this method is often used in flat areas with less rainfall
variability like for Upcountry wet zone
• With the help of moving mean average curve we can predict the future occurrence of
precipitation.
• In most of engineering projects like Dam, Highways etc the rainfall trends and its
measurement is considered as variable so that structure can be co designed as to
withstand against these climatic conditions over the long period of time.
References:
1. Engineering Hydrology by K.Subramanya,Third Edition, Tata McGraw –Hill
Publication.
2. MAUSAM,71,1(January) DAS et al:VARIETY AND TRENDS OF RAINFALL
3. Version 2 CE IIT KHARAGPUR, Precipitation and evapotranspiration.
4. M-T .Sattari et al I Assesment of methods for estimation of missing data in
precipitation.
5. Report WMO(WMO_887)
6. 2017 IOP Conf.Ser.:earth environ.Sci.80 012067
7. G.Aravind, P.Ashok Kumar and C R Suribabu : a journal on Statistical Analysis
of 30 years rainfall data : a case study
External Links:
1. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330497725
2. https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/types-
precipitation
3. http://iopscience.iop.org/1755-1315/80/1/012067
4. www.mgebreikiros.githyb.io
5. www.sciencedirect.com/journal
Thank
You!
