1

Advance Internet
Techniques

Present by:
Ms.Azza Zeinelabdin Karrar

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1
Introduction to
Computers and
the Internet

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OBJECTIVES
In this Lecture you will learn:
 Basic computing concepts.
 The different types of programming
languages.
 The evolution of the Internet and the World
Wide Web.
 What Web 2.0 is and why it’s having such
an impact among Internet-based and
traditional businesses.
 What Rich Internet Applications (RIAs) are
and the key software technologies used to
build RIAs.
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1.1 Introduction
1.2    What Is a Computer?
1.3    Computer Organization
1.4    Machine Languages, Assembly Languages and High-Level
Languages
1.5    History of the Internet and World Wide Web
1.6    World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
1.7    Web 2.0
1.8    Personal, Distributed and Client/Server Computing
1.9    Hardware Trends
1.10    Key Software Trend: Object Technology
1.11    JavaScript: Object-Based Scripting for the Web
1.12    Browser Portability
1.13    C, C++ and Java
1.14    BASIC, Visual Basic, Visual C++, C# and .NET
1.15    Software Technologies

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1.1 Introduction
 Software
– Instructions to command the computer to perform actions and
make decisions.

– JavaScript and PHP are popular software development languages

for web-based applications.

 Computer development
– Computer use increasing in most fields

– Computer costs and size decreasing

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1.1 Introduction (Cont.)

 Applications
– Prepares for higher learning in C++, Java, C#, Visual Basic.NET as well as
object-oriented programming

– Allows development of applications with graphical user interfaces (GUIs)

- Multimedia capabilities

- Integration with the Internet and World Wide Web

– Apply database technologies

– Applications that are not limited to the desktop

– Portability
- Multiple platforms (i.e., different types of computers running
different operating systems).

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1.2 What is a Computer?

 Computer
– Device capable of
- Performing computations

- Making logical decisions

– Works billions of times faster than human beings

– Fastest supercomputers today

- Perform hundreds of billions of additions per second

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1.2 What is a Computer? (Cont.)

 Programs
– Sets of instructions that process data

– Guide computer through orderly sets of actions specified by

computer programmers

 Computer system
– Comprised of various hardware devices
- Keyboard

- Screen

- Disks

- Memory

- DVD drives

- Processing Units

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1.3 Computer Organization

 Every computer divided into six units
1. Input unit
- “Receiving” section of computer
- Obtains data from input devices
Usually a keyboard, mouse, disk, scanner, uploads
(photos and videos) and networks (Internet)
- Places data at disposal of other units
2. Output unit
- “Shipping” section of computer
- Puts processed info on various output devices
Screens, paper printouts, speakers
- Makes info available outside the computer (e.g., Internet)

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1.3 Computer Organization (Cont.)

3. Memory unit
- Rapid access, low capacity “warehouse”

- Retains information entered through input unit

- Retains info that has already been processed until can be sent to
output unit

- Often called memory, primary memory, or random access memory

(RAM)

4. Arithmetic and Logic Unit

- “Manufacturing” section of computer

- Performs calculations (addition, subtraction, multiplication and

division)

- Contains decision mechanisms and can make comparisons

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1.3 Computer Organization (Cont.)

5. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
- “Administrative” section of computer

- Coordinates and supervises other sections

- Multiple CPUs (multiprocessors)

6. Secondary storage unit

- Long-term, high-capacity “warehouse”

- Stores programs or data not currently being used by other

units on secondary storage devices (like CDs and DVDs)

- Takes longer to access than primary memory

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1.4 Machine Languages, Assembly

Languages and High-Level Languages

 Three general types of programming languages

– Machine languages

– Assembly languages

– High-level languages

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1.4 Machine Languages … (Cont.)

 Machine languages
– “Natural language” of a computer

– Defined by hardware design of computer

– Generally consists of strings of numbers

– Are machine dependent

– Cumbersome for humans

- Example: Adding overtime pay to base pay and storing the
result in gross pay

+1300042774

+1400593419

+1200274027

– Slow and tedious for most programmers

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1.4 … Assembly Languages…(Cont.)

 Assembly languages
– Programmers began using English-like abbreviations to
substitute for machine languages

– Represents elementary operations of computer

– Translator programs called assemblers convert

assembly-language to machine-language

– Example:
LOAD BASEPAY

ADD OVERPAY

STORE GROSSPAY

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1.4 Machine Languages, Assembly Languages

and High-Level Languages (Cont.)

 High-level languages
– Developed as computer usage increased, assembly
language proved inadequate and time-consuming

– Single statements can be written to accomplish

substantial tasks

– Translator programs called compilers

– Allow programmers to write instructions almost like

every-day English

– Example:
grossPay = basePay + overTimePay

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1.4 Machine Languages, Assembly Languages

and High-Level Languages (Cont.)

 High-level languages (II)

– Much more desirable from programmer’s standpoint

– Specific languages include

- C, C++, Visual Basic.NET, C# and Java

- Among most powerful and widely used languages

today

– Interpreter programs developed to execute high-

level programs without compiling
- Popular in program development environments

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1.4 Machine Languages, Assembly Languages

and High-Level Languages (Cont.)
 High-level languages (III)
– Once program developed, compiled version made

– several key programming languages

- JavaScript, ActionScript, PHP and Ruby on Rails—each
of these scripting languages is processed by
interpreters

– Study markup languages

- XHTML and XML, which can be processed by
interpreted scripting languages

- Achieve their goal of portability across a variety of

platforms
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Performance Tip 1.1

Interpreters have an advantage over
compilers in scripting. An interpreted
program can begin executing as soon as it is
downloaded to the client’s machine, without
the need to be compiled before it can execute.
On the downside, scripts generally run much
slower than compiled code.

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Portability Tip 1.1

Interpreted languages are more portable than

compiled languages. Interpreters can be
implemented for each platform on which the
interpreted languages need to execute.

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Software Engineering Observation 1.1

Interpreted languages are more dynamic than

compiled languages. For example, server-side
applications can generate code in response to
user interactions, and that code can then be
interpreted in a browser.

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1.5 History of the Internet and World

Wide Web
 ARPANET
– Implemented in late 1960’s by ARPA (Advanced
Research Projects Agency of DOD)

– Networked computer systems of a dozen universities

and institutions with 56KB communications lines

– Grandparent of today’s Internet

– Intended to allow computers to be shared

– Became clear that key benefit was allowing fast

communication between researchers – electronic-mail
(email)

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1.5 History of the Internet and World

 ARPA’s goals
Wide Web
– Allow multiple users to send and receive info at same
time

– Network operated packet switching technique

- Digital data sent in small packages called packets

- Packets contained data, address info, error-control info and

sequencing info

- Greatly reduced transmission costs of dedicated

communications lines

– Network designed to be operated without centralized

control
- If portion of network fails, remaining portions still able to
route packets

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1.5 History of the Internet and World

Wide Web
 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
– Name of protocols for communicating over ARPAnet

– Ensured that messages were properly routed and that

they arrived intact

 Organizations implemented own networks

– Used both for intra-organization and communication

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1.5 History of the Internet and World

Wide Web
 Huge variety of networking hardware and software appeared
– ARPA achieved inter-communication between all platforms with
development of the IP
- Internetworking Protocol

- Current architecture of Internet

– Combined set of protocols called TCP/IP

 The Internet
– Limited to universities and research institutions

– Military became big user

– Next, government decided to access Internet for commercial

purposes

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1.5 History of the Internet and World

Wide Web
 Internet traffic grew (I)
– Businesses spent heavily to improve Internet
- Better service their clients

– Fierce competition among communications carriers

and hardware and software suppliers

– Resulted in massive bandwidth increase and

plummeting costs

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1.5 History of the Internet and World

Wide Web
 Internet traffic grew(II)
– Tim Berners-Lee invents HyperText Markup
Language (HTML)
- Also writes communication protocols to form the
backbone new information system = World Wide Web
- Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP):
– a communications protocol used to send
information over the web
– Web use exploded with availability in 1993 of the
Mosaic browser
– Marc Andreessen founds Netscape
- Company many credit with initiating the explosive
Internet of late 1990s.

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1.6 World Wide Web Consortium

(W3C)
 W3C Founded in 1994 by Tim Berners-Lee
 Homepage at www.w3.org
 Goals
– Internet universally accessible
– Standardization
- W3C Recommendations:
Technologies standardized by W3C
include the Extensible HyperText Markup Language
(XHTML), Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), HyperText
Markup Language (HTML—now considered a “legacy”
technology) and the Extensible Markup Language
(XML).
not an actual software product, but a document that
specifies a technology’s role, syntax rules and so
forth.

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1.7 Web 2.0

 2003 noticeable shift in how people and businesses were using
the web and developing web-based applications
 The term Web 2.0 was coined by Dale Dougherty of O’Reilly
– Web 2.0 definition = companies use the web as a platform to create
collaborative, community-based sites (e.g., social networking sites,
blogs, wikis, etc.).
 Web 1.0 (1990s and early 2000s) focused on a small number of
companies and advertisers producing content for users to access
– “brochure web”)
 Web 2.0 involves the
– Web 1.0 is as a lecture,
– Web 2.0 is a conversation
 Websites like MySpace , Facebook , Flickr , YouTube, eBay and
Wikipedia , users create the content, companies provide the
platforms.

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1.7 Web 2.0 (Cont.)

 Architecture of participation
– Open source software

– Collective

– Rich Internet Applications (RIAs)

– Software as a Service (SaaS)

 Web services incorporate functionality from existing

applications and websites into own web applications
– Amazon Web Services

– Maps web services with eBay web services

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1.7 Web 2.0 (Cont.)

 Future computers learn to understand the meaning

of the data on the web = Semantic Web

 Deitel Web 2.0 Resource Center at

www.deitel.com/web2.0/ for more information.

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1.8 Personal, Distributed and Client/Server

Computing
 1977 Apple Computer popularized personal
computing
– Computers became economical for personal or
business use
 Machines could be linked together in computer
networks
– Local area networks (LANs)
– Distributed computing
 Workstations
 Servers offer data storage and other capabilities
that may be used by client computers distributed
throughout the network,
– Client/server computing
 Popular operating systems
– UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X and Microsoft’s Windows

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1.9 Hardware Trends

 Improving technologies (I)
– Internet community thrives on improvements of
- Hardware, Software and Communications

– Cost of products and services

- Consistently dropping over the decades

– Computer capacity and speed

- Doubles every two years (on average) = Moore’s Law

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1.9 Hardware Trends

 Improving technologies (II)

– Microprocessor chip
- Laid groundwork in late 1970s and 1980s for productivity
improvements of the 1990s

– Hardware moving toward mobile, wireless technology.

- Hand-held devices more powerful than early
supercomputers

- Portability

- Wireless data-transfer speeds

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1.10 The Key Software Trend:

Object Technology
 Objects
– Reusable software components that model items in
the real world (classes)

– Makes software developers more productive

– Object-oriented programs often easier to understand,

correct and modify than older types of programs

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1.11 JavaScript: Object-Based

Scripting for the Web
 JavaScript
– Attractive package for advancing level of
programming language education
– Object-based language
– Supports proper software engineering
techniques
– Free as part of today’s most popular Web
browsers
– Powerful scripting language
- Portable
- Programs execute interpretively on client machines
 Universal client scripting language, simplifying web
application development

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Portability Tip 1.2

Although it is easier to write portable
programs in JavaScript than in many other
programming languages, differences among
interpreters and browsers make portability
difficult to achieve. Simply writing programs
in JavaScript does not guarantee portability.
Programmers occasionally need to research
platform variations and write their code
accordingly.

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1.12 Browser Portability

 Browser portability
– Great challenge
- Great diversity of client browsers in use

- Many different platforms also in use

 Difficult to
– Know capabilities and features of all browsers and
platforms in use

– Find correct mix between absolute portability,

complexity and usability of features

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Portability Tip 1.4

The web is populated with many different

browsers, which makes it difficult for authors
and web application developers to create
universal solutions. The W3C is working
toward the goal of a universal client-side
platform.

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1.13 C, C++ and Java

 C
– developed by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Laboratories
– development language of the UNIX operating system
– virtually all new major operating systems are written in C and/or
C++
 C++
– developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in early 1980s
– “spruce up” the C language and provides capabilities for object-
oriented programming
 Java
– developed by Sun Microsystems in 1991
– Sun saw the immediate potential of using Java to add dynamic
content (e.g., interactivity, animations and the like) to web pages
– Sun formally announced Java at an industry conference in May
1995
– Java is now used to
- develop large-scale enterprise applications
- enhance the functionality of web servers
- provide applications for consumer devices

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1.14 BASIC, Visual Basic, Visual C++, C#

and .NET
 BASIC
– Developed in the mid-1960s at Dartmouth College
– Primary purpose was to familiarize novices with
programming techniques
 Microsoft’s Visual Basic language
– Based on Basic
– Has become one of the most popular programming
languages in the world
 Microsoft’s .NET platform
– Provides the capabilities developers need to create
computer applications that can execute on computers
distributed across the Internet
- Visual Basic (based on the original BASIC)
- Visual C++ (based on C++)
- Visual C# (based on C++ and Java)

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1.15 Software Technologies

 Agile Software Development
– Set of methodologies that try to get software
implemented quickly
– Agile Alliance (www.agilealliance.org)
– Agile Manifesto (www.agilemanifesto.org)
 Refactoring
– Reworking code to make it clearer and easier to
maintain while preserving its
 Design patterns
– Proven architectures for constructing flexible
and maintainable object-oriented software
– Open source code

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1.15 Software Technologies (Cont.)

 Linux
– Open source operating system
 Apache
– Most popular open source web server
 MySQL , PostgreSQL
– Open source database management system
 PHP
– Most popular open source server-side “scripting” language for developing
Internet-based applications
 LAMP
– Linux, Apache, MySQL and PHP (or Perl or Python)
 Game programming
– Software techniques used in game programming Adobe Flash CS3

 Software as a Service (SaaS)

– Software runs on servers elsewhere on the Internet
- Salesforce.com, Google, Microsoft and 37Signals all offer SaaS

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2
Developing Web Applications
Overview

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OBJECTIVES
 Describe the Web development process
 Describe a typical server-side application
• Using TCP / IP and HTTP protocols
• Including GET, POST and Form Header
methods
 Describe the contemporary server-side
technologies
• CGI
• Server-side Java Scripts (SSJS)
• Servlet
• JSP
• ASP
• PHP  2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Client-Server Architecture

Front end Back end

Order is
processed
here

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 Two-tier systems
 Drawbacks of two-tier systems:
• Servers must be multi-lingual, as different
clients may speak different languages
• Clients have to decide which queue is the
shortest, to get their order quickly
• People may have to wait in long queues at
the server
• If the queues are too long, then a client
may decide to leave

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 A day in a typical restaurant

A customer enters A waiter accepts

the restaurant the order and then
serves food

Bill
Exit

The customer asks for the bill, pays

the money and leaves the restaurant

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 A day in a typical restaurant – (1)
 Advantages of this system:

• The customer does not have to stand in a queue. He

can comfortably sit at a table and wait for his order to

be taken.

• The client has to interact only with a waiter. Thus, the

waiter alone needs to understand more than two
languages.

• There is a separate counter for paying bills. So clients

need not wait for the others to clear their bills first.

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 The Web based solution
He places the order (request)
based on the available menu,
which is received by the Web
server Process

The request is
processed here, by
the JSP or servlet
The results engine
are sent back
to the client The database is
A customer browses checked for any
the restaurant site on required
the Web, located at a information – like
particular URL stock of items
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 The Web based solution – (1)
 The process of placing an order and being served by the
waiter can be explained as follows:
– Placing an order, which is accepted by the waiter, is
comparable to an HTTP request

– Being served by the waiter is similar to receiving an HTTP

response

– The entire mode of communication, that is sending and

receiving HTTP requests and responses is based on the TCP/
IP suite

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 The Web development process –
Some definitions
 Web Page:
• simple text file consisting of text and HTML tags

 Web Browser:
• connects to a Web Server, sends a request for a page and
receives and displays the result

• interprets HTML tags to display the page exactly the way

the designer wanted it to be

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 The Web development process –
Some definitions – (cont.)
 Web Server:
– software which can respond to a Web browser’s
request for a page and then send that page to the
browser

 Database:
– an RDBMS that stores data – connected to the Web
Server

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 A brief note on TCP/IP and HTTP
protocols

 TCP/IP is a protocol suite that drives the Internet

 Handles network communications between nodes

 It is composed of layers:
• Internet Protocol

• Transmission Control Protocol

• Sockets

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 A brief note on TCP/IP and HTTP
protocols – (cont.)

 HTTP defines:
• the way messages are formatted and transmitted

• what the Web servers and browsers do in response

to various commands

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Connecting the client and server
through HTTP

HyperText Link HyperText Link

Web Client running a Browser

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 How does a Web server work?

 When a browser sends a request to the Web

server, the following occur:
• The browser divides the URL into three parts:
• The protocol (HTTP)

• The server name (www.Microsoft.com)

• The file name (index.asp)

• The browser communicates with this server to

translate the server name into an IP address

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How does a Web server work?

Server returns the HTML page

Browser sends a GET request

www.Mi… IP address
Translate

Connection
3. File name – index.asp

2. Server name – Microsoft.com

1. Protocol – HTTP
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How does a Web server work? –(Cont.)

http://servername/HelloWorld.html

File system contains

HelloWorld.html

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Web Application architecture

Client

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Web Application architecture –(Cont.)
Forms

Returning Results to the browser

Executing the Server Script

Sending a Request to the Web

Collecting Data

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The Prevalent Server-side Technologies

 Common Gateway Interface (CGI)

• Perl is the most popular programming language for
CGI programming

• CGI acts as a gateway between a request and the

response

• Disadvantage is that it does not scale well – a new

process is created each time the server receives a
new request

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 The Prevalent Server-side
Technologies – (Cont.)
 Proprietary Web Server APIs (ISAPI, NSAPI)
• Allow developers to write server applications as
shared libraries

• These libraries can service multiple requests without

creating a new process for each of these

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 The Prevalent Server-side
Technologies – (Cont.)

 Server-side Java Scripts (SSJS)

• Uses JavaScript as the scripting language

• Has built-in features for

• database and e-mail support

• session management

• inter-operability with server-side Java classes

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 The Prevalent Server-side
Technologies – (Cont.)
 Personal Home Page (PHP)
• Provides strong support for pattern matching and database
access

• Is an open source product and is available on a large

number of platforms

 Servlet
• Small Java-based applications for adding dynamic
functionalities to Web servers

• Servlet requests are handled by threads

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 The Prevalent Server-side
Technologies – (Cont.)
 Active Server Pages (ASP)
• Supports multiple scripting languages, including PerlScript,
JScript and VBScript

• The only limitation that it has is that it can run only on IIS on
Windows NT
 JavaServer Pages (JSP)
• Supports two different styles for adding dynamic content –
through scripts and tags

• Separates presentation from implementation logic

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 66

Thank you
See you next week

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