Prof. S. R.

Shinge
Assistant Professor
Information Technology Department
Dr. J. J. Magdum college of Engineering, Jaysingpur.
Data Communication
(S.Y. B.Tech. Information Technology)
Shivaji University, Kolhapur
{BE(CSE&IT), BCA,MCA,BSc(IT)}
Reference:-

Data Communications and Networking

Behrouz A. Forouzon
4th Edition
TMGH.
 Introduction to
Data Communications and
Networking
DATA COMMUNICATIONS

Definition:-

•Data communications are the exchange of data between two

devices via some form of transmission medium such as a wire
cable.

•For data communication to occur, the communicating devices

must be a part of a communication system made up of hardware
and software.
DATA COMMUNICATIONS

Characteristics of Data Communication

1. Delivery:- The system must deliver the data to correct

destination.

2. Accuracy:- The system must deliver data accurately

3. Timeliness:-The system must deliver data in timely

manner

4. Jitter:- Variation in packet arrival time

Components of a data communication system

1. Messages:- Information to be communicated

2. Sender:- device that sends the message

3. Receiver:- device that receives the message

4. Transmission Medium:- Physical path through

which message will be send from sender to receiver

5. Protocol:- It is a set of rules that govern a data

communication.
Components of a data communication system

Figure 1. Components of a data communication system

 Data flow

Data flow defines how data direct from one device to

another.

1.Simplex :-
 communication is unidirectional

2. Half-Duplex :-
 each station can transmit and receive but not at same
time

3. Full- Duplex :-
 both stations can transmit and receive simultaneously.
Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)

Figure 2. Data Flow

 NETWORKS

Definition:-

•Networks is a set of devices or nodes connected by communication

links.

•A node can be computer, printer or any other devices capable to

send and receive the data.
NETWORKS
Network criteria:-

•A network must be able to meet following criteria.

1.Performance:-
 Performance can be measure in transit time,
response time, throughput and delay.
 Transit Time:- It is a amount of time required for a
message to travel from one device to another.
 Response Time:- It is elapsed time between an
inquiry and a response.
 Throughput:- it is a total no. of data send in unit
time.
 Delay:- It is time require for data to travel from one
device to another due to traffic congestion in network.
NETWORKS

Network criteria:-

2. Reliability:-
 It defines the time taken by a network to recover from
failure.

3.Security:-
 protecting data from unauthorized users and protecting
data from damage.
Types of Connection

1. Point to Point
-single transmitter and receiver
-Dedicated link between two devices

2. Multipoint
-multiple recipients of single transmission
-Single link share between multiple devices
Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint

Figure 3. Types of Connections

Next video
Physical
Topology
Thank You
Data Representation

 Data Representation refers to the form in which

data is stored, processes and transmitted.
 Data can be in form of
 Text
 Numbers
 Images
 Audio
 Video
Network Topology

 Physical topology gives a way in which network

devices are connected to link.

 Geometric representation of all the links and the

linking devices to each other.
Categories of Topology
 Bus Topology

Features of Bus Topology

It transmits data only in one

direction.
Every device is connected

to a single cable
 Bus Topology

 Advantages of Bus Topology

 It is cost effective.
 Cable required is least compared to other network topology.
 Used in small networks.
 It is easy to install.
 Easy to expand joining two cables together.

 Disadvantages of Bus Topology

 Cables fails then whole network fails.
 If network traffic is heavy or nodes are more the performance of the
network decreases.
 Cable has a limited length.
 It is slower than the ring topology.
 Ring Topology

Features of Ring Topology

It is called ring topology because it
forms a ring as each computer is
connected to another computer
A number of repeaters are used for

Ring topology with large number of

nodes  to prevent data loss
It uses token to prevent data traffic
Ring Topology

 Advantages of Ring Topology

 Transmitting network is not affected by high traffic, as only
the nodes having tokens can transmit data.
 Cheap to install and expand

 Disadvantages of Ring Topology

 Adding or deleting the computers disturbs the network
activity.
 Failure of one computer disturbs the whole network.
 Star Topology

Features of Star Topology

 Every node has its own
dedicated connection to the hub
Hub acts as a repeater for data

flow.
Can be used with twisted pair,

Optical Fiber or coaxial cable

Star Topology

 Advantages of Star Topology

 Fast performance with few nodes and low network traffic.
 Hub can be upgraded easily.
 Easy to troubleshoot.
 Easy to setup and modify.
 Only that node is affected which has failed, rest of the nodes can
work smoothly.

 Disadvantages of Star Topology

 Cost of installation is high.
 Expensive to use.
 If the hub fails then the whole network is stopped because all the
nodes depend on the hub.
 Performance is based on the hub that is it depends on its
capacity
 Mesh Topology

Features of Mesh Topology

It is a point-to-point connection
to other nodes or devices.
Mesh has n(n-1)/2 physical
channels to link n devices.
Mesh Topology

 Advantages of Mesh Topology

 Each connection can carry its own data load.
 It is robust.
 Fault is diagnosed easily.
 Provides security and privacy.

 Disadvantages of Mesh Topology

 Installation and configuration is difficult.
 Cabling cost is more.
 Bulk wiring is required.
Tree Topology

Features of Tree Topology

It has a root node and all other
nodes are connected to it forming a
hierarchy.
It should at least have three levels

to the hierarchy.
 Used in Wide Area Network.
Tree Topology

 Advantages of Tree Topology

 Extension of bus and star topologies.
 Expansion of nodes is possible and easy.
 Easily managed and maintained.
 Error detection is easily done.

 Disadvantages of Tree Topology

 Heavily cabled.
 Costly.
 If more nodes are added maintenance is difficult.
 Central hub fails, network fails.
 Hybrid Topology

Features of Hybrid Topology

It is a combination of two or more

topologies
Inherits the advantages and

disadvantages of the topologies

included
Hybrid Topology

 Advantages of Hybrid Topology

 Reliable as Error detecting and trouble shooting is easy.
 Effective.
 Scalable as size can be increased easily.
 Flexible.

 Disadvantages of Hybrid Topology

 Complex in design.
 Costly.
 Categories of Networks

 A computer network can be

categorized by their size and
distance.
 It is mainly categorized Types of Computer
in four types as: Network
 PAN (Personal Area Network)
 LAN (Local Area Network)
 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
 WAN (Wide Area Network)
PAN LAN MAN WAN
Categories of Networks
 Personal Area Network (PAN)
 A Personal Area Network (PAN) is smallest network which
is used within 10 meters range.
 In Personal Area Network Bluetooth enabled devices or
infra-red enabled devices are connected to each other.
 PAN may include wireless computer keyboard and mouse,
Bluetooth enabled headphones, wireless printers and TV
remotes.
Categories of Networks
 Personal Area Network (PAN)
Categories of Networks
 Advantages of PAN
 PAN networks are relatively secure and safe
 It offers only short range solutions upto 10 meters
 Strictly restricted to small area

 Disadvantages of PAN
 It may be establish bad connection to other networks at
the same radio bands
 Distance limits
Categories of Networks
 Local Area Networks (LANs)

• Designed for small physical area such as an office, school, colleges ,

universities or group of buildings.
• LAN provides a useful way of sharing the resources such as  printers,
file servers, scanners, and internet between end users
• LAN uses either Ethernet or Token-ring technology.
• It is less costly as it is built with inexpensive hardware such as hubs,
network adapters and Ethernet cables.
• Fast with speed of 10Mbps- 10Gbps.
• LAN is private
• Ex. Students playing counter strike in the same room without
internet.
Categories of Networks
Categories of Networks
Categories of Networks
 Advantages of LAN
 Computer resources can be share in local area networks. This

significantly reduces the cost of hardware purchases.

 It provides high speed and secure network connection.

 Fault tolerance is more and there is less congestion in the

network.
 Easy to design and maintain.

 Centralized data

 Internet sharing
Categories of Networks

 Disadvantages of LAN
 Limited in size
 Appearance of virus in one system can spread very fast to
all the LAN users very easily.
 Local Area Network requires a constant LAN
administration as there are issues related to software
setup and hardware failures
 The LAN admin can check personal data files of every LAN
user, so it does not offer good privacy.
 Categories of Networks
 Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)

• MAN is a Bigger version of LAN and is Extended over entire city

• MAN means to connecting number of LANs to a large network.
• MAN can be used to connect different branches of office
located at different locations in city.
• It can be private or public
• It Covers area of 5 to 50 km
• Communication medium is optical fibers.
• Example, cable TV network, Telephone network
Categories of Networks
 Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)
Categories of Networks

Router

Local telephone
Exchange
Bus
Topology

Branch 1

Router RingTopology

Branch 2
Categories of Networks
 Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)

 Advantages
• Extremely efficient and provide fast communication via
high speed carrier such fiber optical cables.
• It provides higher security compare to WAN.
• It helps in cost effective sharing of common resources
such as Database etc.
• Like LAN and WAN, it also offers centralized
management of data and files.
Categories of Networks
 Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)

 Disdvantages
• Design and maintenance is difficult as compared to LAN and
PAN
• It has less security than LAN
• Network installation requires skilled technicians and network
administrators. This increases overall installation and
management costs.
• It requires more cables for connection from one place to the
other compare to LAN.
Categories of Networks
 Wide Area Networks (WANs)

• It covers large distance such as states, country, continent

or even whole world.
• Two or more LAN and MAN connected together.
• Communication medium used is satellite links or
telephone lines.
• WAN can be private or public
• Example, Internet
Categories of Networks
 Wide Area Networks (WANs)
Categories of Networks

Router

Over The internet

Bus
Topology

Delhi

Router RingTopology

Mumbai
Categories of Networks
 Wide Area Networks (WANs)

 Advantages
• It covers large geographic area.
• Share software and resources with connecting workstations.
• Organizations can form their global integrated network through
WAN. Moreover it supports global markets and global businesses.
Categories of Networks
 Wide Area Networks (WANs)

Disadvantages
•Not easy to maintain and design
•It is less secure
•It requires high setup cost
•Require Firewall
LAN vs MAN vs WAN
PROTOCOLS

• A protocol is a set of rules that allows two entities to

communicate with each other.
• Here entities means devices which are capable to send and
receive data.
• To occur communication between two devices, both
devices must be agreed on a protocols.
• It determines what is communicated, how it is
communicated and when it is communicated.
• Different protocols used for different applications.
Example,
- wired networking uses Ethernet protocol
- wireless networking uses 802.11ac
- Internet communication uses IP protocol
PROTOCOLS
There are three key elements used in protocol
Syntax
 Structure or format of the data

 Order in which data are presented

Semantics

 gives meaning of each section of bits

 Knows which fields define what action

Timing

 When data should be sent and what

 Speed at which data should be sent or speed at which it is being

received.
STANDARDS
 Standards provides guidelines to manufacturers, vendors,
government agencies and other service providers.
 Types of standards:-

 De facto(By fact):-
 not approved by an organized body but have been

adopted as standards through widespread use

 De jure(By law/regulation):-
 standards that have been made by officially

recognized body
STANDARDS

 Standards are developed by standard creation

committees, forums and government regulatory
agencies

 Standard creation committee:

1. International Organization for Standardization(ISO)

2. International Telecommunication Union(ITU-T)
3. American National Standards Institute(ANSI)
4. Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers(IEEE)
STANDARDS

 Forums:
- Work with universities & users to test, evaluate & standardize
new technologies.
- Present the conclusion to standard bodies

 Regulatory Agencies:
- Protect the public interest by regulating radio, tv, wire/cable
communications.
- Federal Communication Commissions (FCC) has authority over
interstate and international commerce as it relates to
communications
Uses of Computer Networks

• Provide services for large organizations as well as

to the individual common man

 Services provided by the internet for companies

1. Resource sharing
2. For providing high reliability
3. To save money
4. It can be provide a powerful communication
medium
Uses of Computer Networks

 Services provided by the internet for People

1. Access to remote information

2. Person to person communication
3. Interactive entertainment
 1-3 THE INTERNET

Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

International and National ISPs:-
- Provide high quality N/w and High acceess. Prices are high.
- Ex. TATA communication in mumbai.

Regional ISPs:-
- Provide low quality N/w and slower acceess compare to tier 1. Prices
are low.
- Ex. Airtel, Idea, BSNL.

Local ISPs:-
- Provide low quality N/w and slower acceess compare to tier 2. Prices
are much low.
- Ex. Tikona, Hathway.