Welcome to the presentation

On
Differential Calculus (DC)
 Objectives:
Introduction

Learning Out comes

Discussion Points

Concept of Derivative

Idea of Physical interpretation

Application of Differential Calculus

 CALCULUS

The word CALCULUS stands for the method of

computation. The most common use of calculus is in regard
to the computation of the rate of change in one variable
with reference to an infinitesimal variation on the other
variable.

CALCULUS gives us the technique for measuring these

changes in the dependent variable with the reference to a very
small change, approaching almost zero, in the independent
variables or variables.
 Types of CALCULUS

CALCULUS

Differential Integral
CALCULUS CALCULUS
 DFFIERENTIATION/ Differential Calculus

TO express the rate of change in an function we have the

concept of derivative which involves infinitesimally small
changes in the dependent variable with reference to a small
change in independent variables.

We can say it is the process of finding out the derivative of a

continuous function.
 DFFIERENTIATION/ Differential Calculus

Let us assume that y has been produced by labour x and that as

we increase x (labour) by one unit, the amount of y increases
by four units.
This relationship is shown by y = 4x

When x is increased by a small increment x, then

y increases by y, and
we have y + y = 4(x +x) = 4x + 4x = y + 4x
 y = 4x
 y /x = 4
y /x is the incremental ratio of dependent variable
y with respect to the independent variable x , i.e.
we can say y /x is the change in y with respect
to a small unit change in x.
 DFFIERENTIATION
If the increments are very small tending to zero, we
may write

y dy
lim 
x  0 x dx

Thus
dy
is the rate of change of y with respect to a change in
dx
x and is called the derivative of the function y with respect
to x.
 DFFIERENTIATION

Differential calculus is the calculus of rate of

change of a function.
Suppose we have a function, may be cost function or
revenue function or profit function, what ever it may be.
For example we choose
f  x  x 2  3 x  5
We can calculate the value of the function for various value of x.

Such as at x=1 f  x
becomes  
f 1  1  3.1  5
2

 135
3
 DFFIERENTIATION
In differential calculus we will discuss this type of rate of change
of function when the change in x is very small (almost close to
zero but not equal to zero) using various techniques called
differentiation.

Or the process of derivative is called differentiation.

The derivative of f  x  is symbolized as f  x 

and defined by f ( x  h) f ( x )

f ( x )  Lim
h 0 h
 Where lim
y
means nothing but the ratio f ( x  h) f ( x )
x 0 x
h
is calculated when h is very much small but not zero.

But always we don’t use this definition to calculate the rate of

change or derivative of a function.
We use some rules to find the differentiation according to the
function.
Note: dy
First derivative denoted by dx or f/(x) or y1 or y/ or y1

d2y
Second derivative denoted by 2 or f (x) or y2 or y or y
// // 2
dx
And so on .

WARNING:
dy d
 does not mean the product of with y.
dx dx
d
 stands as a symbol to denote the operation of
dx
differentiation.
The derivative or differential co-efficient of y w. r. t. ‘x’ ,dy is
dx
written in many other easy such as y1, y/ , Dy .
d
 The symbol dx , often called Leibniz notation.
Rules –
d dv du
d (uv)  u  v
( x n )  nx n 1 dx dx dx
dx
d 1
d (ln x ) 
(k )  0 dx x
dx
d
( x)  1
dx

d x
(e )  e x
dx
d mx
(e )  me mx
dx
 Examples

d
Rule : ( x n )  nx n 1
dx
Find the first derivative of the following function?
If (a) f(x)= x10 1
(b) f(x)= x 2/3 (c) f(x) = 3
x
Solution: (a) Given f(x) = x10
Differentiating w. r. t. ‘x’ then we have
d d 10
 f(x) = (x ) = 10 x10-1 = 10 x9
dx dx
 f/(x) = 10 x9
 Example: If y = 5x4 + 3x2 + 2x +7 then find y1 .
Solution:
Given
y = 5x4 + 3x2 + 2x +7
Differentiating w. r. t. ‘x’ then we have
d d
dx ( y ) =dx (5x4 + 3x2 + 2x +7)
d d d d d

dx
(y) = dx(5x4) + dx (3x2) + dx (2x) +dx (7)
d d d d
y1 = 5 dx (x ) + 3 dx (x ) + 2 dx(x) + dx (7)
4 2

y1 = 5.4 x3 + 3.2 x + 2 .1 +0
=20 x3 + 6 x + 2 (Ans.)
 Class Work

Problems:
(i) If y = 2 x3/2 - 4 x3 + 5x – 10 then find y1
. dy
(ii) If y = 7q3 – 4p2q2 +3q then find =?
dq
1
 d dv du
Product Rule: (uv)  u  v
dx dx dx
(i)
If f(x) = (x2 +3)(2x + 5)3/2 then find f1(x).
Solution:
Given f(x) = (x2 +3)(2x + 5)3/2
Differentiating w. r. t. ‘x’ then we have
d d
 f(x) = (x2 +3)(2x + 5)3/2
dx dx
d d
= (x +3)
2
(2x + 5)3/2 + (2x + 5)3/2 dx (x
2
+3)
dx

= (x2 +3) 3/2 (2x + 5)1/2(2+0) + (2x + 5)3/2 [2x + 0 ]

= 3(x2 +3 )(2x + 5) 1/2+ 2x (2x + 5)3/2

Division/Quotient Rule:
du dv
v u
d u dx dx
( )
dx v v2
Find the derivative of y = (1+sinx)/ (1-sinx)
Solution :
1  sin x
Given the function , y 
1  sin x
Differenti ating w. r. to ' x' then we have
d d 1  sin x
( y)  ( )
dx dx 1  sin x
d d
(1  sin x) (1  sin x)  (1  sin x) (1  sin x)
 dx dx
(1  sin x) 2
 (1  sin x) . cos x  (1  sin x) ( cos x)

(1  sin x) 2

cos x  sin x cos x  cos x  sin x cos x


(1  sin x) 2

2 cos x

(1  sin x) 2
 Class Work

2x  5
1. If y  Then find y1 .
3x  7
x3
2. Find the first derivative of y  1
(2 x  3) 3

3. If y = e5x + e-3x + lnx + 7 then find y1

 Home Work
Product rule

i. f(x)= 5x3 – 3x2 + 7x -9 ii. f(x) = x+1/x

iii. f(x)= 5 ex ln(x) iv. f(x)= x2 sinx

v. f(x)= x2 logax + 7ex cosx vi. f(x) = secx

Quotient Rule
i. y = x2 / (x2-4) ii. h = cosx / ln(x)
iii. g = (x +1) / (x-1) iv. y = (1+sinx)/ (1-
sinx)
v. y = (tanx –cotx)/(tanx + cotx) vi. y = sinx3
Chain Rule: dy dy dz
 .
dx dz dx
dy dy du dv
 . .
dx du dv dx

Find the derivative of y = sinx3

Solution :
Given the function , y  sinx 3
let , z  x 3 ....(1)
 y  sinz ... (2)
Differenti ating equation (2) w. r. to ' z ' then we have
dy
 cos z
dz
Again,
Differentiating equation (1) w. r. to ' x' then we have
dz
 3x 2

dx
dy dy dz
Therefore ,  .
dx zx dx
 (cos x ) . 3 x
3 2

 3 x 2 cos x 3