JAVA

Samed Jukić
Mihret Sarač
 What is Java?
 History  Past Year
 Originally designed (1991) as a small – Sun has released several new
language for consumer electronics versions of language + libraries
(cable boxes, toasters etc.) – >1,000,000 copies of Java
 Eventually someone wrote HotJava Development kit downloaded
Browser, which could run Java – Java available for MAC, Win 95/NT,
Applets HP, SUN, SGI, Digital Unix, Linux,
 At height of internet craze, adopted Amiga, OS/2, BEOS, VMS, and even
by Netscape, Microsoft, Sun etc. as AIX
Web Programming Language. – Microsoft <---Sues---> Sun
 More than just a Web Tool  Next Year
 Java is a fully functional, platform – Should see many real Java
independent, programming language applications emerge
 Powerful set of machine independent
libraries, including windowing (GUI)
libraries.
Java - General
Java is:
 platform independent programming language
 similar to C++ in syntax
 similar to Smalltalk in mental paradigm
Java has some interesting features:
 automatic type checking,
 automatic garbage collection,
 simplifies pointers; no directly accessible pointer to
memory,
 simplified network access,
 multi-threading!
 How it works…!
Compile-time Environment Compile-time Environment

Class
Loader Java
Class
Bytecode Libraries
Java Verifier
Source
(.java)

Just in
Java Java
Time
Bytecodes Interpreter Java
Compiler
move locally Virtual
or through machine
Java network
Compiler
Runtime System

Java
Bytecod Operating System
e
(.class )
Hardware
How it works…!

Java is independent only for one reason:

 Only depends on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM),
 code is compiled to bytecode, which is interpreted by
the resident JVM,
 JIT (just in time) compilers attempt to increase speed.
Primitive Types and Variables
 boolean, char, byte, short, int, long, float, double etc.
 These basic (or primitive) types are the only types that
are not objects (due to performance issues).
 This means that you don’t use the new operator to
create a primitive variable.
 Declaring primitive variables:
float initVal;
int retVal, index = 2;
double gamma = 1.2, brightness
boolean valueOk = false;
Basic Data Types
Types
boolean either true of false
char 16 bit Unicode 1.1
byte 8-bit integer (signed)
short 16-bit integer (signed)
int 32-bit integer (signed)
long 64-bit integer (singed)
float 32-bit floating point (IEEE 754-1985)
double 64-bit floating point (IEEE 754-1985)
String (class for manipulating strings)
 Java uses Unicode to represent characters internally
Initialisation
If no value is assigned prior to use, then the
compiler will give an error
Java sets primitive variables to zero or false in the
case of a boolean variable
All object references are initially set to null
An array of anything is an object
 Set to null on declaration
 Elements to zero false or null on creation
Declarations
int index = 1.2; // compiler error
boolean retOk = 1; // compiler error
double fiveFourths = 5 / 4; // no error!
float ratio = 5.8f; // correct
double fiveFourths = 5.0 / 4.0;// correct

 1.2f is a float value accurate to 7 decimal places.

 1.2 is a double value accurate to 15 decimal places.
Assignment
 All Java assignments are right associative

int a = 1, b = 2, c = 5
a=b=c
System.out.print(
“a= “ + a + “b= “ + b + “c= “ + c)

 What is the value of a, b & c

 Done right to left: a = (b = c);
Basic Mathematical Operators
 * / % + - are the mathematical operators
 * / % have a higher precedence than + or -
double myVal = a + b % d – c * d / b;

 Is the same as:

double myVal = (a + (b % d)) – ((c * d) / b);
Statements & Blocks
 A simple statement is a command terminated by a
semi-colon:
name = “Fred”;
 A block is a compound statement enclosed in curly
brackets:
{
name1 = “Fred”; name2 = “Bill”;
}
 Blocks may contain other blocks
Flow of Control
Java executes one statement after the other in the
order they are written
Many Java statements are flow control statements:
Alternation: if, if else, switch
Looping: for, while, do while
Escapes: break, continue, return
if – The Conditional Statement
 The if statement evaluates an expression and if that
evaluation is true then the specified action is taken
if ( x < 10 ) x = 10;
 If the value of x is less than 10, make x equal to 10
 It could have been written:
if ( x < 10 )
x = 10;
 Or, alternatively:
if ( x < 10 ) { x = 10; }
Relational Operators

== Equal (careful)
!= Not equal
>= Greater than or equal
<= Less than or equal
> Greater than
< Less than
if… else
 The if … else statement evaluates an expression and
performs one action if that evaluation is true or a different
action if it is false.
if (x != oldx) {
System.out.print(“x was changed”);
}
else {
System.out.print(“x is unchanged”);
}
Nested if … else
if ( myVal > 100 ) {
if ( remainderOn == true) {
myVal = mVal % 100;
}
else {
myVal = myVal / 100.0;
}
}
else
{
System.out.print(“myVal is in range”);
}
else if
 Useful for choosing between alternatives:
if ( n == 1 ) {
// execute code block #1
}
else if ( j == 2 ) {
// execute code block #2
}
else {
// if all previous tests have failed, execute
code block #3
}
A Warning…
WRONG! CORRECT!
if( i == j ) if( i == j ) {
if ( j == k ) if ( j == k )
System.out.print( System.out.print(
“i equals k”); “i equals k”);
else }
System.out.print( else
“i is not equal System.out.print(“i
to j”); is not equal to j”);
// Correct!
The switch Statement
switch ( n ) {
case 1:
// execute code block #1
break;
case 2:
// execute code block #2
break;
default:
// if all previous tests fail then
//execute code block #4
break;
}
The for loop
 Loop n times
for ( i = 0; i < n; i++ ) {
// this code body will execute n times
// i from 0 to n-1
}
 Nested for:
for ( j = 0; j < 10; j++ ) {
for ( i = 0; i < 20; i++ ){
// this code body will execute 200 times
}
}
while loops

while(response == 1) {
System.out.print( “ID =” + userID[n]);
n++;
response = readInt( “Enter “);
}
do {… } while loops

do {
System.out.print( “ID =” + userID[n] );
n++;
response = readInt( “Enter ” );
}while (response == 1);
break
A break statement causes an exit from the
innermost containing while, do, for or switch
statement.
for ( int i = 0; i < maxID, i++ ) {
if ( userID[i] == targetID ) {
index = i;
break;
}
} // program jumps here after break
continue
 Can only be used with while, do or for.
 The continue statement causes the innermost loop to start
the next iteration immediately
for ( int i = 0; i < maxID; i++ ) {
if ( userID[i] != -1 ) continue;
System.out.print( “UserID ” + i + “ :” +
userID);
}
Arrays
 Am array is a list of similar things
 An array has a fixed:
 name
 type
 length
 These must be declared when the array is created.
 Arrays sizes cannot be changed during the execution of the
code
myArray = 3 6 3 1 6 3 4 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

myArray has room for 8 elements

 the elements are accessed by their index
 in Java, array indices start at 0
Declaring Arrays
int myArray[];
declares myArray to be an array of integers
myArray = new int[8];
sets up 8 integer-sized spaces in memory, labelled
myArray[0] to myArray[7]
int myArray[] = new int[8];
combines the two statements in one line
Declaring Arrays (cont.)
1. Declare the array
private Student studentList[];
 this declares studentList
2 .Create the array
studentList = new Student[10];
 this sets up 10 spaces in memory that can
hold references to Student objects
3. Create Student objects and add them to the array:
studentList[0] = new Student("Cathy",
"Computing");
Assigning Values
 refer to the array elements by index to store values in them.
myArray[0] = 3;
myArray[1] = 6;
myArray[2] = 3; ...
 can create and initialise in one step:
int myArray[] = {3, 6, 3, 1, 6, 3, 4, 1};
Iterating Through Arrays
for loops are useful when dealing with arrays:

for (int i = 0; i < myArray.length; i++) {

myArray[i] = getsomevalue();
}
Arrays of Objects
 So far we have looked at an array of primitive types.
 integers
 could also use doubles, floats, characters…
 Often want to have an array of objects
 Students, Books, Loans ……
 Need to follow 3 steps.
 Object Oriented Languages
-a Comparison
Objective
Feature C++ C Ada Java

Encapsulation Yes Yes Yes Yes

Inheritance Yes Yes No Yes
Multiple Inherit. Yes Yes No No
Polymorphism Yes Yes Yes Yes
Binding (Early/Late) Both Both Early Late
Concurrency Poor Poor Difficult Yes
Garbage Collection No Yes No Yes
Genericity Yes No Yes No
Class Libraries Yes Yes Limited Yes
Conclusion
If you are still using:
 Fortran, C, C++, Perl, CGI, SQLPlus, Rexx, IDA etc.
you could save yourself a lot of time and effort by
switching to:
Thank
Thank You
You ...
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