Steam Formation
T
C S = Solid
L = Liquid Saturated
V= Vapour
Vapour Critical Point
374 - f
Saturated Liquid
d Latent e
100 -
b Latent c
0-
-20 - a
S S+L L L+V V
H
Steam Formation
Mollier Chart
Mollier Chart
Steam Tables
Steam tables commonly consist of two sets of tables of
the energy transfer properties of water and steam:
1. saturated steam tables
I. Temperature basis
II. Pressure basis
2. superheated steam tables
Both sets of tables are tabulations of
pressure (P)
temperature (T)
specific volume (v)
specific internal energy (u)
specific enthalpy (h)
specific entropy (s)
Steam Tables
The following notation is used in steam
tables. h = Specific enthalpy of water
w
T : temperature
hf = Specific enthalpy of saturated water
( C) P : pressure
(bar) hfg = Latent heat of evaporation
v : specific volume hg = Specific enthalpy of dry saturated steam
(m3/kg) hsup = Specific enthalpy of super heated steam
u: specific internal energy
(kJ/kg) h: specific enthalpy
(kJ/kg)
s: specific entropy (kJ/kg K)
Important points
1. Steam tables give values for 1 kg of water and 1 kg of steam.
2. The steam table gives values of properties from the triple point
of water to the critical point of steam.
3. If pressure is known use the table on pressure basis.
4. If temperature is known use the table on temperature basis.
5. At low pressure the volume of saturated (vf) liquid is very small
as compared to the volume of dry steam and usually the specific
volume of liquid is neglected.
Definitions
Sub cooled or is a under thermodynami
compressed: fluid c
conditions that force it to be a liquid
Saturated liquid: fully in the liquid state but is about to vaporize
Wet steam: When steam contains water in the form of fine
water particles suspended in steam
Dry steam: When steam contains no moisture.
Saturated steam: is steam at equilibrium with liquid water
Superheated steam: a steam heated above its point)
(boiling saturation point
Qality (x): quantity of dry steam in 1 kg of wet
steam
Steam Formation
D
T
Sub cooled water (A)
Saturated liquid (B) (x = 0)
B F
Evaporation of saturated
C
liquid (B-C) x
A
0
1
vapour mass
Wet steam
x (F) x s
Dry Saturatedtotal
steammass
(C) ) (x = 1)
Superheatedv steam (D) u h s
specific volume specific internal energy specific enthalpy specific entropy
v = (1 – x) vf + xvg u = (1 – x) uf + x ug h = (1 – x) hf + x hg s = (1 – x) sf + x sg
vf is neglected u = uf + x (ug– uf) h = hf + x (hg – hf) s = sf + x (sg – sf)
u = uf + x ufg
v = x vg h = hf + x hfg s = sf + x sfg
Calculate the total heat of 5 kg of steam at an absolute pressure of 8 bar having dryness
fraction of 0.8. Also calculate heat in kJ required to convert the steam into dry and saturated
steam.
From steam tables
At pressure 8 bar, (0.8 Mpa) hf = 720.9 kJ/kg
hfg = 2047.4 kJ/kg
hg = 2768.3 kJ/Kg
Sp. enthalpy of wet steam
hw = hf + x.hfg = 720.9 + 0.8 x 2047.4 = 2358.8 kJ/kg
Total heat of 5 kg steam = weight of steam x Sp. Enthalpy = 5x2358.8= 11794.1 kJ
Now total heat of 5kg dry saturated steam = 5x hg = 5x 2768.3 = 13841.5 kJ
Net heat required to be supplied for conversion of wet steam into dry saturated steam =
13841.5 - 11794.1 = 2047.4 kJ
4 Kg of 0.5 dry steam at 6.0 bar pressure is heated, so that it becomes
(a) 0.95 dry at 6.0 bar pressure or
(b) Dry & saturated at 6.0 bar or
(c) Superheated to 300oC at 6.0 bar or
(d) Superheated to 250oC at 8.0 bar
Using steam tables determine in each case the quantity of heat required to be supplied.
Take Csup for superheated steam as 2.3 kJ/ kg K.
Initial Condition of steam are mass, m = 4 kg; x1= 0.5 and P = 6.0 bar
So initial enthalpy (total heat content) of 4kg steam is
H1 = 4[hf +0.5hfg]
From steam table, at 6.0 bar pressure value of specific enthalpy of saturated water, h f and
latent heat of steam, hfg are given as
hf = 670.4 kJ/kg
hfg = 2085.8 kJ/kg
Putting these values in equation (i)
H1 = 4[670.4+0.5x2085.8] = 6853.2 kJ ≈ 6853 kJ
Heat Supplied
Case I Final Conditions of Steam are x2=0.95 and pressure, p=6.0 bar. So final enthalpy of
steam is
H2 = 4[hf + x.hfg] = 4[670.4 + 0.95 x 2085.8] = 10608kJ
Net heat supplied = Final Enthalpy - Initial Enthalpy
= H2 - H1 = 10608 - 6853 = 3755 kJ (Ans)
Case II Final Conditions of Steam are pressure, p=6.0 bar. Condition is dry saturated i.e.,
x2 = 1. So final enthalpy of steam is
H2 = m.hg = 4x2756.1 kJ/kg [From Steam Table]
=11024.4 kJ
Net heat supplied = Final Enthalpy - Initial Enthalpy
= H2 - H1 = 11024.4 - 6853= 4171.4 kJ (Ans)
Case III Final Conditions of Steam are pressure, p=6.0 bar, Superheated to 300 0C.
Form steam tables, saturation temperature, tS at given pressure 6.0bar is ts = 158.80C. So
final enthalpy of superheated steam is H2 = m [hg + CPs (tsup - ts)] = 4[2756.1 + 2.3(300-
158.8)] = 12323.44 kJ
So Net heat supplied = Final Enthalpy - Initial Enthalpy
= H2 - H1 = 12323.44 - 6853 = 5470.44 kJ (Ans)
Case IV Final Conditions of Steam are pressure, p=8.0 bar, Superheated to temperature,
tsup = 2500C.
From steam tables
At 8.0 bar pressure ts = 170.40C, hg = 2768.3.4 kJ/kg
So H2 = m [hg + CPs (tsup - ts)] = 4[2768.3 + 2.3(250-170.4)] = 11805.52 ≈ 11806 kJ
Heat Supplied = H2 - H1 = 11806 - 6853 = 4953 kJ [Ans]
