Cardiovascular System

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 Introduction
 The cardiovascular system is transport system
of body.
 It comprises blood, heart and blood vessels.

 The system supplies nutrients and remove

waste products from various tissue of body.

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 Function of cardiovascular system

 Transport nutrients, hormones

 Remove waste products
 Gaseous exchange
 Immunity
 Blood vessels transport blood
◦ Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
◦ Also carries nutrients and wastes

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Components of cardiovascular system

•Blood

•Heart

•Blood vessels

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 Heart
• Four chambered
• hollow muscular organ
• About the size of your fist.

• Extends from the level of the second rib to about

the level of the sixth rib.

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 Functions of the heart

• Generating blood pressure

• Routing blood
• Ensuring one-way blood flow
Heart valves ensure one-way flow
• Regulating blood supply
Changes in contraction rate and force match
blood delivery to changing metabolic needs.

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 Structures of the Heart

Heart is bordered:
 Laterally by the lungs.
 Posteriorly by the vertebral column.
 Anteriorly by the sternum.
 Slightly to left of midline.
Rests on the diaphragm inferiorly.

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 Structures of the Heart

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 Heart coverings

• Pericardium
• Covers the heart and large blood vessels
attached to the heart.
• Visceral pericardium
• Directly on the heart
• Parietal pericardium
• Layer on top of the visceral pericardium.

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 Heart walls
• Epicardium
• Fat to cushion heart
• Myocardium
• Middle layer
• Primarily cardiac muscle
• Endocardium
• Innermost layer
• Thin and smooth
• Stretches as the heart
pumps.

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 Chambers

Four chambers
1. Two Atria 2. Two ventricles
• Upper chambers • Lower chambers
• Left and right • Left and right
• Separated by • Separated by
interatrial septum interventricular
septum
 Atrioventricular septum separates the atria
from the ventricles

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 Valves of heart
1. Atrioventricular valves
Are 2 type
A. Tricuspid valve found between right atrium and
right ventricle.
• prevents blood from flowing back into the right
atrium when the right ventricle contracts.
B. bicuspid valve found between left atrium and left
ventricle.
• prevents blood from flowing back into the left
atrium when the left ventricle contracts.

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 Atrioventricular valves
• Atria contracts/ ventricle relaxed
• AV valve opens
• Atria relaxed/ ventricle contracts
• close opening

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 Valves of heart

2. Semilunar valves
Are 2 type
A. Aortic valve found between left ventricle and aorta.
• prevents blood from flowing back into the left
ventricle.
B. pulmonary valve found between right ventricle and
pulmonary artery.
• prevents blood from flowing back into the right
ventricle

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 Semilunar valves
• As ventricle contracts/arteries relaxed
Valves opens
• As arteries contracts/ ventricle relaxed
Valves closes
• Route of blood according to valves
Right atrium→ Tricuspid valve→ Right ventricle→
pulmonary valve→ pulmonary artery→ lung→
pulmonary vein→ left atrium→ bicuspid valve→ left
ventricle→ aortic valve→ Aorta

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 Cont.…

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 Cardiac Cycle
 One heartbeat = one cardiac cycle = two heart sounds
Right atrium contracts Left atrium contracts
• Tricuspid valve • Bicuspid valve opens
opens • Blood fills left ventricle
• Blood fills right
ventricle
Right ventricle contracts Left ventricle contracts
• Tricuspid valve • Bicuspid valve closes
closes • Aortic semilunar valve
• Pulmonary
opens
semilunar valve
opens • Blood pushed into aorta
• Blood flows into
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pulmonary artery 17
 Heartbeat
• Heartbeat is Influenced by
• Exercise
• Parasympathetic nerves
• Sympathetic nerves
• Cardiac control center
• Potassium ions
• Calcium ions
• One cardiac cycle – two heart sounds (lubb and
dubb)

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 Heart Sounds
• S1 – Atrioventricular valve closure
• S2 – Semilunar valve closure
• S3 – Rapid ventricular filling
• S4 – Atrial systole
• Lubb(S1)

When the ventricles contract, the tricuspid and

bicuspid valves snap shut.
• Dubb(S2)

When the atria contract and the pulmonary and

aortic valves snap shut.
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 Blood Vessels

• Closed pathway that carries blood from the

heart to cells and back to the heart.
• Types
• Arteries • Venules
• Veins • Arterioles
• Capillaries

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 Blood Vessels

Vessels returning blood to the heart include:

1. Superior and inferior vena cava
2. Right and left pulmonary veins
Vessels taking blood away from the heart include:
3. Pulmonary trunk, which splits into right and
left pulmonary arteries
4. Ascending aorta

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 Arteries
• Accompanied by vein and Arterioles
nerves. Small branches of
• Lumen is small. arteries.
• No valves Aorta
• Repeated branching. Takes blood from the
heart to the body.
• Strongest of the blood
Coronary arteries
vessels.
Supply blood to heart
• Carry blood from the heart.
muscle.

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 Veins
• Thin Wall
• Large irregular lumen
• Have valves
• Contraction of skeletal muscles helps move
blood up the limbs and back to the heart.
• Valves in the veins prevents backflow of blood.
• Venules are small vessels.
• Superior and inferior vena cava
• Largest veins and carry blood into right atrium.
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 Veins and Venules

• Blood under no pressure in

veins
• Does not move very easily

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 Capillaries
• Branches of arterioles

• Smallest type of blood vessel

• Connect arterioles to venules

• Oxygen and nutrients can pass out of a capillary into

a body cell.

• Carbon dioxide and other waste products pass out of

a body cell into a capillary
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 Blood Pressure
• Blood pressure
Is the force exerted on the inner wall of blood
vessels by Blood.
• walls of arteries can constrict to increase BP or
dilate to decrease BP.
• Force blood exerts on the inner walls of blood
vessels
• Highest in arteries
• Lowest in veins

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 Blood Pressure
• Systolic pressure
• Ventricles contract
• BP in arteries is at its greatest.
• Diastolic pressure
• Ventricles relax
• BP in arteries is at its lowest.
• Control is based mainly on the amount of blood
pumped out of the heart.
• The amount of blood entering should equal the
amount pumped from the heart.
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 Blood Pressure

• Baroreceptors
• Help regulate BP
• Located in the aorta and carotid arteries.
• High BP in aorta  message to cardiac center in
brain  decreases heart rate  lowers BP
• Low BP in aorta  message to cardiac center 
increases heart rate  increases BP

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 Circulation

• Coronary circulation - the circulation of blood

within the heart.
• Pulmonary circulation – the flow of blood
between the heart and lungs.
• Systemic circulation – the flow of blood
between the heart and the cells of the body.
• Fetal Circulation – circulation in fetus.

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 Circulation
Pulmonary circuit
Right atrium  right ventricle  pulmonary arteries
 lungs  pulmonary veins  left atrium

Systemic circuit
left atrium  left ventricle  aorta  arteries 
arterioles  capillaries  venules  veins vena
cava  right atrium

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 Circulation

Superior and inferior vena cava → right atrium

→ tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary
valve → pulmonary arteries → lungs → pulmonary
veins → left atrium → bicuspid valve →left ventricle
→ aortic semilunar valve → aorta → body organs and
tissues.

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 Arterial system

• Arterial system
• Carries oxygen-rich blood away
from the heart.
• Pulmonary arteries carry
oxygen-poor blood.
• pulmonary veins Carries oxygen
rich blood.

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 Venous system

• Venous system
• Carries oxygen-poor
blood toward the
heart.
Hepatic portal system
 Collection of veins carrying
blood to the liver.

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 Blood

• Average-sized adult has 4 to 6 liters of blood.

Amount depends on:
• Size of person
• Amount of adipose tissue.
• Females have less than males.

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 Blood

•The Blood has two component.

Blood cells & Plasma
A. Blood cells
1- Erythrocytes(45%) - RBC
2- Leucocytes(1%) - WBC
3- Platelets
B. Plasma(55%) is fluid portion of blood.
• Hematocrit
• Is the percentage of red blood cells.
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 Red Blood Cells
• Transport oxygen throughout the body.
• Small biconcave-shaped cells.
• Red color is due to hemoglobin.
• RBCs live about 4 months.
• Hemoglobin is a pigment in RBCs
• Oxyhemoglobin carries oxygen.
• Deoxyhemoglobin Carries carbon dioxide.
• Erythropoietin – regulates production of RBCs.
• Anemia – is low RBC count in blood.
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 White Blood Cells

• WBC count normally 5000 to 10,000 cells per cubic

millimeter of blood.
• Leukocytosis
• Elevated WBC count
• Usually due to infection
• Leukopenia
• Low WBC count
• Some viral infections and other conditions.

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 Platelets

• Also called thrombocytes

• Important in the clotting process of blood.
• Normal count
• 130,000 to 360,000 platelets per cubic millimeter of
blood  
• platelets have a short lifespan, usually about 10
days.

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 Plasma

• Composed mostly of water and Proteins.

Plasma contains three major proteins:
• albumins
• globulins and
• fibrinogen

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 Chemical regulation of heart rate

• Hormones
• Epinephrine and norepinephrine increase
heart rate and contractility.
• Thyroid hormones also increase heart rate
and contractility.
• Cations
• Ionic imbalance can compromise pumping
effectiveness.
• Relative concentration of K+, Ca2+ and Na+ is
also important.
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 Disorders of the Cardiovascular
System
1. Anemia
The blood does not have enough RBC or hemoglobin
to carry an adequate amount of oxygen to the cells.
2. Arrhythmias
Abnormal heart rhythms.
3. Sickle cell anemia
Abnormal hemoglobin causes RBCs to change to a
sickle shape.

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 Cont.…

4. Carditis
Inflammation of the heart.
5. Endocarditis
Inflammation of the innermost lining of the heart,
including valves.
6. Myocarditis
Inflammation of the muscular layer of the heart.
7. Pericarditis
Inflammation of the membranes that surround the heart
(pericardium).
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 Cont.…

8. Congestive heart failure

• Weakening of the heart over time.
• Heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet
body’s needs.
9. Coronary artery disease
Atherosclerosis is the narrowing of coronary arteries
caused by hardening of the fatty plaque deposits
within the arteries.

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 Cont.…
10. Hypertension
High blood pressure.
Consistent resting BP ≥ 140/90 mm Hg.
11. Leukemia
Bone marrow produces a large number of abnormal
WBCs.
13. Varicose veins
• veins in the legs that are
twisted, swollen, stretched,
and painful.
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 Artificial Heart

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