COOLING SYSTEM
PREPARED BY: GLEN ABEGAN
what is a cooling system ?
- a mechanism for keeping something cool;
-An automobile's cooling system is the collection
of parts and substances (coolants) that work
together to maintain the engine's temperature at
optimal levels.
Function of cooling system
1. Remove excess heat from the engine’
2. It maintains the engine operating temperature where
it works most efficiently
3. It brings the engine up to the right operating
temperature as quickly as possible.
Types of Heat Transfer
Conduction
-When particles of matter are in direct
contact.
-Solid to Solid contact
Convection
-a heat transfer between a surface and a liquid or gas
in motion. As the fluid or gas travels faster, the
convective heat transfer increases.
-Solid to liquid contact
Two types of Convection Heat Transfer
• Natural Convection-fluid motion results from the hot atoms in the
fluid, where the hot atoms move upwards toward the cooler atoms
in the air--the fluid moves under the influence of gravity. Examples
of this include the rising clouds of cigarette smoke, or heat from the
hood of a car that rises upwards.
• Forced convection, the fluid is forced to travel over
the surface by a fan or pump or some other
external source.
Radiation
• in Radiation (not to be confused with thermal radiation)
refers to the transfer of heat through empty space.
Types of cooling System
Liquid or indirect cooling system Air or direct cooling system
Liquid or indirect Cooling System
-A liquid is circulated around the
cylinders and absorb heat from the
cylinder walls and cylinder head.
Coolant absorbs heat as it passes
through the engine and also lubricates
the water pump.Hot coolant enters the
radiator in which the heat is passed on to
air that is flowing through the radiator.
Components of Liquid
cooling system
• Radiator Cap
• Radiator
• Radiator Hoses
• Fan
• Water pump
• Thermostat
• Bypass hose
• Fan Belt
• Water Jackets
• Water Jackets - Designed to keep engine block and cylinder head
cool. •Open spaces between the outside of cylinder and inside of
cylinder block and head. •When engine is running at normal operating
temperature, the coolant is forced through the water jackets in the
engine block, through the head gasket, into the head, and back to the
radiator
• Water Pump- Draws the coolant from the radiator, through the
lower radiator hose, and then forces it through the water
jackets, back into the radiator.
• Thermostat- placed between the cylinder head and top radiator hose.The
temperature that the thermostat opens is called thermostat rating.The thermostat's
main job is to allow the engine to heat up quickly, and then to keep the engine at a
constant temperature.
• Radiator is a heat exchanger that removes heat from the coolant passing through it..
The purpose of radiator is to provide a large amount of cooling surface area so that
water passing downward through it in thin stream is cooled efficiently.
• Radiator cap-serves as the cover of the upper tank
radiator while keeping the air pressure inside the
cooling system. This lid construction is not like a
bottle cap or other lid, because there is a pressure
regulating mechanism then there are other parts
inside this lid.
• Radiator hoses - its function is only channeling the coolant
• Fan- The fan is mounted on the impeller spindle driven by
a suitable belt pulley arrangement .Fan draws air through
the radiator to cool.
• Fan Belt- drives the water pump to draw and circulate the
coolant into the engine water jackets back to the radiator.
• bypass hose, is used to circulate the
coolant through the engine, bypassing
the radiator, when the thermostat is
closed. Some engines do not use a rubber
hose. Instead, they might use a metal tube
or have a built-in passage in the front
housing.
• Coolant Recovery Tank/Reservoir -Keeps the coolant level full in the system at all times.
Works in conjunction with the radiator cap. When the engine heats up the coolant expands
and flows to the recovery tank. When the engine coolant the coolant contracts and creates a
vacuum and draws the fluid back into the radiator. Reduces air in syste. Reduces rust .Less
need to open radiator
• Antifreeze, also known as coolant, is a bright yellow or green liquid that mixes with
the water in cars, trucks and other vehicles to keep the radiators from freezing or
overheating. Made from either ethylene glycol or propylene glycol, antifreeze and
coolant change the freezing and boiling points of water.
Air or Direct Cooling System
• Air Cooled System. In air cooled system a
current of air made to flow past the outside of
the cylinder barrel ,outer surface area which
has been considerably increased by providing
cooling fins. The amount of heat dissipated
to air depends upon : (a) Amount of air
flowing through the fins. (b) Fin surface
area. (c) Thermal conductivity of metal used
for fins.
• Cooling Fins-In the study of heat transfer, a
fin is a surface that extends from an object
to increase the rate of heat transfer to or
from the environment by increasing
convection. The amount of conduction,
convection, or radiation of an object
determines the amount of heat it transfers.
Increasing the temperature difference
between the object and the environment,
increasing the convection heat transfer
coefficient , or increasing the surface area of
the object increases the heat transfer.
• Baffles-The rate of heat transfer from the cylinder walls
can be substantially increased by using baffles which
force the air through the space between the fins.
ANY QUESTIONS???
AIR INDUCTION AND
EXHAUST SYSTEM
PREPARED BY: GLEN ABEGAN
Intake System
The intake system’s job is to regulate the flow of clean,
filtered air at the right temperature to the engine and to
provide vacuum to operate other devices.
Exhaust System
The purpose of the exhaust system is to help remove
used up exhaust gasses from the cylinder, deliver
these gasses to the rear of the vehicle or machine to
prevent the occupants from breathing them and also
to reduce engine noise in the cabin.
FOUR STROKE
CYCLE
• A four-stroke cycle engine is an internal combustion engine that utilizes four distinct
piston strokes (intake, compression, power, and exhaust) to complete one operating
cycle.
• The piston make two complete passes in the cylinder to complete one operating cycle.
An operating cycle requires two revolutions (720°) of the crankshaft.
• A four-stroke cycle engine completes five Strokes in one operating cycle, including
intake, compression, ignition, power, and exhaust Strokes.
Intake Stroke
The intake event is when the air-fuel mixture is
introduced to fill the combustion chamber. The
intake event occurs when the piston moves
from TDC to BDC and the intake valve is open.
The movement of the piston toward BDC
creates a low pressure in the cylinder. Ambient
atmospheric pressure forces the air-fuel mixture
through the open intake valve into the cylinder
to fill the low pressure area created by the
piston movement.
Compression Stroke
The compression stroke is when the trapped
air-fuel mixture is compressed inside the
cylinder. The combustion chamber is sealed
to form the charge. The charge is the volume
of compressed air-fuel mixture trapped inside
the combustion chamber ready for ignition.
Compressing the air-fuel mixture allows
more energy to be released when the charge
is ignited. Intake and exhaust valves must be
closed to ensure that the cylinder is sealed to
provide compression.
Power Stroke
When the piston nears to the top of its
travel. Fuel injected the fuel into the
cylinder as a fine mist, as the result of the
very high pressure in the injector. The fuel
mix with the hot air and ignites. The
Energy produce by the combustion forces
the piston down to produce power.
Exhaust Stroke
Near the end of the power stroke the
exhaust valve opens. The upward
movement of the piston will force the hot
gas in to the exhaust manifold. Just after
the top of exhaust stroke is completed,
the exhaust valve closes and the intake
valve will open in preparation for cycle
to be repeated.
Three types of System
1. Naturally Aspirated
2. Turbo Charge
3. Turbo Charge and After cooled
Naturally Aspirated
A naturally-aspirated engine is one that is not fitted
with a turbocharger or supercharger. In other words, air
goes into the engine normally, whereas turbocharged
and supercharged engines force the air in under
pressure to boost power.
1. Pre Cleaner
2. Air Cleaner
3. Intake manifold
4. Exhaust manifold
5. Muffler Exhaust stack
Turbo Charged
Turbocharged engines differ from standard engines in that
they make use of wasted exhaust gases to pull more air into
the intake valve. While naturally-aspirated engines rely on
natural air pressure to draw air into the engine, turbos speed
up this process, producing power more economically.
1. Pre Cleaner
2. Air Cleaner
3. Turbo Charger
4. Intake manifold
5. Aftercooler
6. Exhaust manifold
7. Exhaust stack
8. Muffler
Pre-Cleaner
A pre-cleaner is a device which is installed
in the intake system of an engine before the
air cleaner. It removes most of the
contamination and dirt from the incoming
air. Pre-cleaners are effective at removing
the larger dirt particles,debris and water
droplets. As a result, they will greatly reduce
the dirt reaching the air cleaner, resulting in
extended filter life.
Air Cleaner
Prevents dust, dirt and other
environmental contaminants from
getting into the engine.
Intake Manifold
The primary function of the intake
manifold is to evenly distribute the
combustion mixture (or just air in a
direct injection engine) to each intake
port in the cylinder head(s). Even
distribution is important to optimize
the efficiency and performance of the
engine.
Exhaust manifold
Typically made of stainless steel, cast-iron or heavy-
gauge steel, the exhaust manifold directs exhaust gases
from multiple cylinders to a single exhaust pipe. In so
doing, the exhaust manifold also helps to minimize
leakage of heat, air and gases.
Aftercooler
Aftercoolers. An after cooler is a
heat exchanger used to cool
compressed air after leaving the
compressor. Cooling reduces the
air temperature and precipitates
out water droplets which can be
drained
off. Aftercoolers incorporate a
moisture separator for
this purpose.
Muffler
-the muffler's purpose is to
provide noise reduction and
soundproofing for engines.
Two Types of mufflers
1.Straight Through
2.Reverse Flow
Straight through Muffler
Straight-through mufflers, or
glasspacks, are designed to allow
maximum flow—and horsepower.
These mufflers feature a straight,
perforated pipe wrapped in sound
absorbing material such as fiberglass
packing
Reverse Flow muffler
Made up of number of chambers that
forces the exhaust gases to flow in a
forward and backward motion as they
pass through the muffler, this has the
effect of lowering the gas velocity and
acting as a expansion chamber thus
reducing the exhaust gas noise.
Turbo Charger
A turbocharger, colloquially known as a turbo, is a
turbine-driven, forced induction device that increases an
internal combustion engine's efficiency and power output
by forcing extra compressed air into the combustion
chamber.
Turbo charger serves two specific functions :
1. Normalising engine air supply.
2. Boosting engine air supply
main parts of a
turbocharger :
• Turbine wheel
• Turbine housing
• Impeller / Compressor
Wheel
• Compressor housing
• Heat shield
• Centre shaft
• Sleeve bearing
• Trust bearing
Turbine wheel
• is usually made of cast iron
material. The inlet side of the
turbine have nozzle blade ring
which is used for two purposes:
-To guide the incoming gas onto
the turbine wheel
- To house the turbine bearings
• The outlet side of the turbine
casing consists of blower and air
passages to supply air to labyrinths
seals.
Impeller/ Compressor wheel
• Impeller /compressor
wheel is usually made of
aluminum alloys.
• draws in ambient air from
the surrounding and
pumps compressed air
with high density and
pressure into the intake
manifold.
Waste gate
a boost-controlling device that
operates by limiting exhaust gases
going through the turbocharger,
controlling the maximum boost
pressure produced by the
turbocharger itself.
How it works?
1.Cool air enters the engine's air intake and heads
toward the compressor.
2.The compressor fan helps to suck air in.
3.The compressor squeezes and heats up the
incoming air and blows it out again.
4. Hot, compressed air from the compressor
passes through the heat exchanger, which cools
it down.
5. Cooled, compressed air enters the
cylinder's air intake. The extra oxygen helps to
burn fuel in the cylinder at a faster rate.
6. Since the cylinder burns more fuel, it produces
energy more quickly and can send more power to
the wheels via the piston, shafts, and gears.
7. Waste gas from the cylinder exits through the
exhaust outlet.
8. The hot exhaust gases blowing past the turbine
fan make it rotate at high speed.
9. The spinning turbine is mounted on the same
shaft as the compressor (shown here as a pale
orange line). So, as the turbine spins, the
compressor spins too.
10. The exhaust gas leaves the car, wasting less
energy than it would otherwise.
Any Questions??
Thank You!!!!
