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The Remainder and Factor Theorems

The document discusses the Remainder Theorem and Factor Theorem. The Remainder Theorem states that when dividing a polynomial f(x) by (x-a), the remainder is equal to f(a). It can be used to evaluate a polynomial function. The Factor Theorem states that (x-a) is a factor of a polynomial f(x) if and only if f(a) = 0. When dividing a polynomial by one of its factors and the remainder is 0, that factor fully divides the polynomial. Both theorems relate the factors, zeros, and remainders of polynomials. They allow evaluating polynomials, finding all factors of a polynomial from one known factor, and determining if an

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Lenny Rose Morito
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141 views17 pages

The Remainder and Factor Theorems

The document discusses the Remainder Theorem and Factor Theorem. The Remainder Theorem states that when dividing a polynomial f(x) by (x-a), the remainder is equal to f(a). It can be used to evaluate a polynomial function. The Factor Theorem states that (x-a) is a factor of a polynomial f(x) if and only if f(a) = 0. When dividing a polynomial by one of its factors and the remainder is 0, that factor fully divides the polynomial. Both theorems relate the factors, zeros, and remainders of polynomials. They allow evaluating polynomials, finding all factors of a polynomial from one known factor, and determining if an

Uploaded by

Lenny Rose Morito
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Remainder and

Factor Theorems
The Remainder Theorem

If a polynomial f(x) is divided by (x – a),


the remainder is the constant f(a), and

f(x) = q(x) ∙ (x – a) + f(a)

where q(x) is a polynomial with degree


one less than the degree of f(x).

Dividend equals quotient times divisor plus remainder.


Long Division of Polynomials

•
The Remainder and Factor Theorems
• The remainder obtained in the synthetic division
process has an important interpretation, as
described in the Remainder Theorem.

• The Remainder Theorem tells you that synthetic division can be


used to evaluate a polynomial function. That is, to evaluate a
polynomial function f (x) when x = k,
Divide f (x) by x – k the remainder will be f (k).
The Remainder Theorem

Find f(3) for the following polynomial function.

f(x) = 5x2 – 4x + 3
f(3) = 5(3)2 – 4(3) + 3
f(3) = 5 ∙ 9 – 12 + 3
f(3) = 45 – 12 + 3
f(3) = 36
The Remainder Theorem

Now divide the same polynomial by (x – 3).

5x2 – 4x + 3

3 5 –4 3
15 33
5 11 36
The Remainder Theorem
f(x) = 5x2 – 4x + 3
5x2 – 4x + 3
f(3) = 5(3)2 – 4(3) + 3
3 5 –4 3
f(3) = 5 ∙ 9 – 12 + 3 15 33
5 11 36
f(3) = 45 – 12 + 3
f(3) = 36

Notice that the value obtained when evaluating the function at f(3) and the value
of the remainder when dividing the polynomial by x – 3 are the same.

Dividend equals quotient times divisor plus remainder.

5x2 – 4x + 3 = (5x + 11) ∙ (x – 3) + 36


The Remainder Theorem

Use synthetic substitution to find g(4) for the


following function.

f(x) = 5x4 – 13x3 – 14x2 – 47x + 1

4 5 –13 –14 –47 1


20 28 56 36
5 7 14 9 37
The Remainder Theorem

Synthetic Substitution – using synthetic


division to evaluate a function

This is especially helpful for polynomials with


degree greater than 2.
The Remainder Theorem

Use synthetic substitution to find g(–2) for the


following function.

f(x) = 5x4 – 13x3 – 14x2 – 47x + 1

–2 5 –13 –14 –47 1


–10 46 –64 222
5 –23 32 –111 223
The Remainder Theorem

Use synthetic substitution to find c(4) for the


following function.

c(x) = 2x4 – 4x3 – 7x2 – 13x – 10

4 2 –4 –7 –13 –10
8 16 36 92
2 4 9 23 82
The Factor Theorem

The binomial (x – a) is a factor of the


polynomial f(x) if and only if f(a) = 0.
The Factor Theorem

When a polynomial is divided by one of its


binomial factors, the quotient is called a
depressed polynomial.

If the remainder (last number in a depressed


polynomial) is zero, that means f(#) = 0. This
also means that the divisor resulting in a
remainder of zero is a factor of the polynomial.
The Factor Theorem

x3 + 4x2 – 15x – 18
x–3

3 1 4 –15 –18
Since the remainder is zero,
3 21 18 (x – 3) is a factor of
1 7 6 0 x3 + 4x2 – 15x – 18.

This also allows us to find the remaining factors of


the polynomial by factoring the depressed polynomial.
The Factor Theorem

x3 + 4x2 – 15x – 18
x–3
The factors of

3 1 4 –15 –18 x3 + 4x2 – 15x – 18


3 21 18 are
1 7 6 0 (x – 3)(x + 6)(x + 1).

x2 + 7x + 6
(x + 6)(x + 1)
The Factor Theorem

(x – 3)(x + 6)(x + 1).

Compare the factors


of the polynomials
to the zeros as seen
on the graph of
x3 + 4x2 – 15x – 18.
The Factor Theorem
Given a polynomial and one of its factors, find the remaining
factors of the polynomial. Some factors may not be binomials.

1. x3 – 11x2 + 14x + 80 (x – 8)(x – 5)(x + 2)


x–8

2. 2x3 + 7x2 – 33x – 18 (x + 6)(2x + 1)(x – 3)


x+6

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