23CSE007 – INTRODUCTION TO

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

Year, Class and Section: I CSE D

Course Facilitator: Dr.S.Saravanan
 Course Outcomes
 CO1: Ability to understand the basic electric and magnetic
circuits.
 CO2: Ability to analyse DC and AC circuits.

 CO3: Ability to understand the basic principles of pn junctions

and transistors.
 CO4: Ability to analyse basic transistor and op amp based
circuits.

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 Module 1

Introduction to Electrical Engineering,

current and voltage sources

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What is electrical engineering?

The study of ELECTRICITY along with its

numerous applications
 A brief history
In 1600, William Gilbert called
the property of attracting
particles after being rubbed
“electricus”.

De Magnete was a treatise of

electricity and magnetism,
noting a long list of elements
that could be electrified.

Gilbert invented the

versorium, a device that
detected statically-charged
bodies
William Gilbert, arguably the first electrical engineer

A versorium
 A brief history
1800 – voltaic pile developed by Alessandro
Volta, a precursor to the battery

Voltaic pile

1831 – Michael Faraday discovers

electromagnetic induction

Circuits containing inductors

1873 – Electricity and Magnetism

published by James Maxwell, describing
a theory for electromagnetism
Maxwell’s equations
 A brief history
1888 – Heinrich Hertz transmits and
receives radio signals

Spark-gap transmitter

1941 – Konrad Zuse introduces the first

ever programmable computer

Z3 computer

1947 – invention of transistor

Transistor
 A brief history
1958 – integrated circuit
developed by Jack Kilby

Integrated circuits

1968 – first microprocessor is

developed

Microprocessor
So where is the field now?
 Fields of study
Power:
Creation, storage, and distribution of electricity

Control:
Design of dynamic systems and controllers for the
systems

Electronics/Microelectronics:
Design of integrated circuits, microprocessors, etc.

Signal Processing: Analysis of signals

 Fields of study
Telecommunications:
Design of transmission systems (voice, data)

Computer:
Design and development of computer systems

Instrumentation:
Design of sensors and data acquisition equipment
Basic concepts

✴ Electricity
✴ Charge
✴ Current
✴ Voltage
✴ Power and Energy
 Electricity

Physical phenomenon arising from the

existence and interactions of electric charge
 Charge

Where can we observe/experience/use charge?

 Charge
Characteristic property of subatomic
particles responsible for electric phenomena

Electron
- + Proton

−1.602×10^−19 C 1.602×10^−19 C

The unit of quantity of electric charge is coloumb (C)

1 coloumb = 6.25 × 10^18 e

e = elementary charge = charge of proton

 Charge
“Charged” particles exhibit forces

- -
Like charges repel each other

- +
Opposite charges attract one another

Charge is the source of one of the fundamental forces in nature (others?)

 Coulomb’s Law

q1 q2
r (meters)

(Newtons)

F1,2 is the electrostatic force exerted on charge 1 due

to the presence of charge 2

ke is the Coulomb constant ke = 8.987 x 109 N*m2*C-2

 Electric current

Describes charge in motion, the flow of charge

This phenomenon can result from moving electrons in a

conductive material or moving ions in charged solutions
 Electric current

An ampere (A) is the number of electrons having a total

charge of 1 C moving through a given cross section in 1 s.

As defined, current flows in direction of positive charge flow

Electrical Circuits
 Electric circuit
An electric circuit is an interconnection of electrical elements
linked together in a closed path so that electric current may
flow continuously

Circuit diagrams are the standard for electrical engineers

 Rate of flow of charge form node a to node b

Rate of flow of charge form node b to node a

(i = current)

A direct current (dc) is a current of constant magnitude

An alternating current (ac) is a current of varying

magnitude and direction
 Voltage
Driving “force” of electrical current between two points

Vab Voltage at terminal a with respect to terminal b

Vba Voltage at terminal b with respect to terminal a

Vab = -Vba
Note: In a circuit, voltage is often defined relative to “ground”
 Voltage
The voltage across an element is the work (energy) required to move a
-
unit of positive charge from the “ ” terminal to the “+” terminal

A volt is the potential difference (voltage) between

two points when 1 joule of energy is used to move 1
coulomb of charge from one point to the other
 Power
The rate at which energy is converted or work is performed

A watt results when 1 joule of energy is converted or used in 1 second

 Power and Energy
Electric Power
 Power is the rate at which work is done. It is measured in Watts.

 Power can be absorbed or supplied by circuit elements.

 An ideal circuit: ∑Ps u p p l i e d + ∑ Pa b s o r bed =0

 Power = Voltage * Current

Electric Energy
 Energy is the capacity to do work. It is measured in joules or kwh

Energy(kwhr) = Power(kw) * Time (hr)

This Animation video explains the energy and power in a circuit

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Problems
Problems
Problems
Circuit schematic example
Circuit elements
 Circuit Elements

Circuit Elements
 An element is the basic building block of a circuit. Electric
circuit is the interconnection of the following elements. We
can classify network elements into 4 types:

1. Active / Passive Elements

2. Bilateral / Unilateral Elements
3. Linear / Non-Linear Elements
4. Lumped / Distributed Elements

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 Circuit Elements

Active and Passive Elements

The Active elements have the capability to deliver average
power greater than zero for infinite period of time to the
connected devices.
Eg: Ideal power sources, Battery, etc.,
The passive elements consumes or dissipate the energy
stored in the circuit.
Eg: Resistors, Inductors, Capacitors, etc.,
This video explains about the active elements, passive el
ements and also the VI relation of passive elements 33
 Circuit Elements

Bilateral And Unilateral Elements

The bilateral elements have same V-I relationship for current
flow in either direction.

Eg : Any conducting wire, Resistors.

Unilateral network behaves differently for different directions of
current flow through it.

Eg : Vaccum diodes, Silicon diodes, rectifiers, etc.,

This video explains about the unilateral/unidirectional and bilater

al/bidirectional elements in the circuit 34
 Circuit Elements

Lumped And Distributed Elements

The elements building lumped systems are thought of being
concentrated at singular points in space.
Eg. resistors, capacitors, and inductors,
Distributed Elements are not electrically separable for any analytical
purpose..
Eg: Transmission line has its distributed R,L,C throughout its
entire length.

This video explains about the lumped and distributed elements in a cir
cuit

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 Circuit Elements

Linear And Non-linear Elements

Linear circuit elements exhibit a linear relationship between the
current input and the voltage output.
Linear elements obeys superposition theorem. Eg: Resistors
 Non Linear Elements are devices which don't follow the linear
relation between current and voltage.
Eg: SCR, Triac, Resistance, inductance, capacitance, waveform,
frequency etc

This video explains about the linear and nonlinear elements in the ci
rcuit

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Resistors
Resistance (R) is the physical
property of an element that
impedes the flow of current . The
units of resistance are Ohms (Ω)

Resistivity (ρ) is the ability of a

material to resist current flow. The
units of resistivity are Ohm-meters
(Ω-m)
Example:

Resistivity of copper 1.68×10−8 Ω·m

Resistivity of glass 1010 to 1014 Ω·m
Resistors
Resistors
Note: No Colour Band : ±20%
 Resistors
A resistor is marked 1st band Brown
2nd band Black
3rd band Orange
No other band
What is its resistance and between
what values does it lie?

Ans = 10 kΩ, 12 kΩ and 8 kΩ.

 Ohm’s law

 Georg Simon Ohm (1787–1854), a German physicist, is credited

with finding the relationship between current and voltage for a

resistor.
 This relationship is known as Ohm’s law.

 Ohm’s law states that the voltage v across a resistor is directly

proportional to the current i flowing through the resistor.

Ohm defined the constant of proportionality for a resistor to be

the resistance, R. (The resistance is a material property which
can change if the internal or external conditions of the element
are altered, e.g., if there are changes in the temperature.)
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Ohm’s Law

(remember, R is in Ω
and ρ is in Ω-m)
 Conductance

 The reciprocal of resistance R, known as conductance and

denoted by G:

 The conductance is a measure of how well an element will

conduct electric current.

The same resistance can be expressed in ohms or siemens.

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 Conductance

The power dissipated by a resistor can The power dissipated by a

be expressed in terms of R. resistor may also be expressed
in terms of G

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 Ohm’s law
Problem:1
An electric iron draws 2 A at 120 V. Find its resistance.

Problem:2

The essential component of a toaster is an electrical element (a

resistor) that converts electrical energy to heat energy. How much
current is drawn by a toaster with resistance 10 Ω at 110 V?

Current = 11 A
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 Ohm’s law
Problem:3
In the circuit shown in Fig., calculate the current i, the conductance G,
and the power p.

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 Nodes, Branches, and Loops
⚫ Circuit is a network providing one or more
closed paths.
A branch represents a single element such as a voltage source or a resistor. In
other words, a branch represents any two-terminal element.

The circuit in Fig. has five

branches,
- 10-V voltage source,
-2-A current source, and
- the three resistors.
 Nodes, Branches, and Loops
A node or junction or point is the point of connection between two or
more branches.

A node is usually indicated by a dot in a circuit. If a short circuit (a

connecting wire) connects two nodes, the two nodes constitute a single
node.

No. of nodes in the above circuit is 3

Minor Node: Only two elements are connected at a point
Major Node: More than two branches are connected a point
 Nodes, Branches, and Loops
A loop is any closed path in a circuit. A loop is a closed path
formed by starting at a node, passing through a set of nodes,
and returning to the starting node without passing through
any node more than once.

No. of loops in the above circuit is 3

 Problem
⚫ Determine the number of branches, loops and nodes in
the circuit shown in Fig.

Four branches and three nodes Five branches and three nodes
 Series and Parallel combination of
Resistance
Resistors in Series
 Resistors are said to be series connected when
the same current flows through each of the
resistance.

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 Series and Parallel combination of
Resistance
Ohms law

Total voltage

current

Equivalent Resistance

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 Voltage Division
For N resistors in series then

To determine the voltage across each resistor in Fig.

Substitute
in

Notice that the source voltage v is

divided among the resistors in direct
proportion to their resistances; the larger In general, if a voltage divider has N
the resistance, the larger the voltage resistors in series with the source voltage
drop. This is called the principle of v, the nth resistor ( Rn) will have a voltage
voltage division drop of
 Series and Parallel combination of
Resistance
Resistors in Parallel
 Resistors are said to be connected in parallel
when the potential difference across each
resistance is same.

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 Series and Parallel combination of
Resistance
Ohms law

Total current

Equivalent Resistance

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 Current Division
Combining Eqs.
and

the total current i is shared by the resistors in inverse proportion to

their resistances. This is known as the principle of current division,
and the circuit in Fig. is known as a current divider. Notice that the
larger current flows through the smaller resistance.
 Ohm’s law
Problem:4
Find Req from the circuit

Answer

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 Ohm’s law
Problem:5
Find Req from the circuit

Answer 6 ohm

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 Ohm’s law
Problem:6
Find Req from the circuit

Answer 11.2 ohm

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 Ohm’s law
Problem:6
Find Req from the circuit

Answer 11ohm

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 Ohm’s law
Problem:7
A voltage divider is to give an output voltage of 10 V from an input
voltage of 30 V as indicated in Fig. Given that R2 = 100 Ω, calculate
the resistance of R1.

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 Ohm’s law
Problem:8
Find and in the circuit shown in Fig. Calculate the power dissipated in
the 3Ω resistor.

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Capacitors
Capacitors
A capacitor consists of a pair of
conductors separated by a
dielectric (insulator).

(ε indicates how penetrable a subtance is to an

electric field)

Electric charge is stored in the

plates – a capacitor can become
“charged”

When a voltage exists across the conductors,

it provides the energy to move the charge
from the positive plate to the other plate.
 Capacitors
Capacitance (C) is the ability of a material to store charge in the
form of separated charge or an electric field. It is the ratio of
charge stored to voltage difference between two plates.

Capacitance is measured in Farads (F)

 One farad (F) is the capacitance C of a conductor

that holds one coulomb of charge for each volt of
potential.
 Capacitance
Capacitance

 If i is flowing into the +ve

terminal of C
– Charging => i is +ve
– Discharging => i is –ve
 The current-voltage relationship of capacitor according to above
convention is

dv 1 t
iC
dt
and v
C t0
i d t  v(t0 )

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 Capacitance
Capacitance
The energy, w, stored in the capacitor is
1
w  C v2
2

 A capacitor is

 an open circuit to dc (dv/dt = 0).

 its voltage cannot change abruptly.

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Capacitors
The capacitor plate attached to the negative
terminal accepts electrons from the battery.

The capacitor plate attached to the positive

terminal accepts protons from the battery.

What happens when the light bulb is

initially connected in the circuit?

What happens if you replace the battery

with a piece of wire?
 Energy storage
Work must be done by an external influence (e.g. a battery) to
separate charge between the plates in a capacitor. The charge is
stored in the capacitor until the external influence is removed and
the separated charge is given a path to travel and dissipate.

Work exerted to charge a capacitor is given by the equation:

 Series and Parallel combination of
capacitance
Capacitors in Series
 When capacitors are connected in series, the total
capacitance is smaller than the smallest one. The circuit
and equation of series capacitors becomes

C eq  1 C1   1 C2   1 C3 
1

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 Series and Parallel combination of
Capacitors in Parallel
capacitance
 When capacitors are connected in parallel, the
total capacitance is the sum of the individual
capacitors.

C eq  C1  C2  C3
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 Capacitance
Problem:1
(a) Calculate the charge stored on a 3-pF capacitor with 20 V across
it. (b) Find the energy stored in the capacitor.

Problem:2

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 Capacitance
Problem:3
Obtain the energy stored in each capacitor in Fig. under dc conditions
 Capacitance
Problem:4
Find the equivalent capacitance seen between terminals a and b of the circuit
in Fig.
 Capacitance
Problem:5
For the circuit in Fig. 6.18, find the voltage across each capacitor.
Inductors

An inductor is a two terminal element

consisting of a winding of N turns capable
of storing energy in the form of a magnetic
field

Inductance (L) is a measure of the ability of

a device to store energy in the form of a
magnetic field. It is measured in Henries (H)
 Inductors

Inductance in a cylindrical coil

μ0 = permeability of free space = 4π × 10−7 H/m

K = Nagaoka coefficient
N = number of turns
A = area of cross-section of the coil in m2
l = length of coil in m
 The unit of inductors is Henry (H), mH (10–3) and H (10–6).
 Inductors
The magnetic field from an inductor can generate an induced
voltage, which can be used to drive current

1 t
i
L  v (t ) d t  i (t )
t0
0

While building the magnetic field, the inductor resists current flow
 Inductors

What happens to the light bulb when the switch is closed?

What happens to the light bulb when the switch is then opened?
 Energy storage
Inductors can store energy in the form of a magnetic
field when a current is passed through them.

The work required to establish current through the

coil, and therefore the magnetic field, is given by
 Series and Parallel combination of
Inductors in Series
Inductance
 When the total inductance of a circuit is
computed, the individual inductive values are
treated the same as resistance values
 The inductances of inductors in series are
added like the resistances of resistors in series

L eq  L1  L2  L3
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 Series and Parallel combination of
Inductance
Inductors in Parallel

L eq  1 L1   1 L2   1 L3 
1

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 Inductors
Problem:1

Problem:2 Find the equivalent inductance of the circuit shown in Fig.

Ans: 18H Ans: 25mH

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Series and Parallel combination of Resistance, inductance and
capacitance
Problem:
Consider the circuit in Fig.. Under dc conditions, find: (a) i, Vc and iL (b) the
energy stored in the capacitor and inductor.

The voltage is the same as the voltage

across the resistor. Hence,

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