SQL COMMAND
SQL COMMANDS
SQL commands are instructions. It is used to communicate with the database. It is
also used to perform specific tasks, functions, and queries of data.
SQL can perform various tasks like create a table, add data to tables, drop the table,
modify the table, set permission for users.
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TYPES OF SQL
COMMANDS
There are five types of SQL commands: DDL, DML, DCL, TCL,
and DQL.
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DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE (DDL)
DDL changes the structure of the table like creating a
table, deleting a table, altering a table, etc.
All the command of DDL are auto-committed that
means it permanently save all the changes in the
database.
.
• Here are some commands that come
under DDL:
• CREATE
• ALTER
• DROP
• TRUNCATE
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CREATE
It is used to create a new table in the database.
Syntax:
CREATE TABLE TABLE_NAME (COLUMN_NAME D
ATATYPES[,....]);
Example:
• CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(Name VARCHAR2(20
), Email VARCHAR2(100), DOB DATE);
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DROP
It is used to delete both the structure and record
stored in the table.
• Syntax
• DROP TABLE table_name;
• Example
• DROP TABLE EMPLOYEE;
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ALTER
It is used to alter the structure of the database. This change
could be either to modify the characteristics of an existing
attribute or probably to add a new attribute.
Syntax:
• To add a new column in the table
• ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name COLUM
N-definition;
• ALTER TABLE table_name MODIFY(column_definitions
....);
EXAMPLE:
• ALTER TABLE STU_DETAILS ADD(ADDRESS VARC
HAR2(20));
• ALTER TABLE STU_DETAILS MODIFY (NAME VARC
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TRUNCATE
It is used to delete all the rows from the table
and free the space containing the table.
Syntax:
• TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;
Example:
• TRUNCATE TABLE EMPLOYEE;
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DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE (DML)
DML commands are used to modify the
database. It is responsible for all form of
changes in the database.
The command of DML is not auto-committed
that means it can't permanently save all the
changes in the database. They can be rollback.
Here are some commands that come under
DML:
• INSERT
• UPDATE
• DELETE
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INSERT
The INSERT statement is a SQL query. It is used to insert data
into the row of a table.
Syntax:
• INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME
• (col1, col2, col3,.... col N)
• VALUES (value1, value2, value3, .... valueN); OR
• INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME
• VALUES (value1, value2, value3, .... valueN);
For example:
• INSERT INTO javatpoint (Author, Subject) VALUES ("Son
oo", "DBMS");
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UPDATE
This command is used to update or modify the value of a
column in the table.
• Syntax:
• UPDATE table_name SET [column_name1= value1,...colu
mn_nameN = valueN] [WHERE CONDITION]
• For example:
• UPDATE students
• SET User_Name = 'Sonoo'
• WHERE Student_Id = '3'
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DELETE
It is used to remove one or more row from a table.
• Syntax:
• DELETE FROM table_name [WHERE condition];
• For example:
• DELETE FROM javatpoint
• WHERE Author="Sonoo";
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DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE (DCL)
• DCL commands are used to grant and take back authority
from any database user.
• Here are some commands that come under DCL:
Grant & Revoke
Grant: It is used to give user access privileges to a database.
Example
GRANT SELECT, UPDATE ON MY_TABLE TO SOME_US
ER, ANOTHER_USER;
Revoke: It is used to take back permissions from the user.
Example
REVOKE SELECT, UPDATE ON MY_TABLE FROM USER
1, USER2;
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TRANSACTION CONTROL LANGUAGE (TCL)
• TCL commands can only use with DML commands like
INSERT, DELETE and UPDATE only.
• These operations are automatically committed in the
database that's why they cannot be used while creating
tables or dropping them.
• Here are some commands that come under TCL:
• COMMIT
• ROLLBACK
• SAVEPOINT
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COMMIT
Commit command is used to save all the transactions to the
database.
• Syntax:
• COMMIT;
• Example:
• DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS
• WHERE AGE = 25;
• COMMIT;
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ROLLBACK
Rollback command is used to undo transactions that have not
already been saved to the database.
• Syntax:
• ROLLBACK;
• Example:
• DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS
• WHERE AGE = 25;
• ROLLBACK;
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SAVEPOINT
It is used to roll the transaction back to a certain point without
rolling back the entire transaction.
• Syntax:
• SAVEPOINT SAVEPOINT_NAME;
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THANK YOU
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