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2-IP Addressing Subnet Internet Control Protocols

This document provides an overview of basic IP protocols including IP addressing, subnetting, routing, and ICMP. It describes how IP provides an unreliable, connectionless datagram service at the network layer. ICMP and other control protocols like ARP are used to support IP operations and provide functions like error reporting, address resolution, and flow control. Common protocols like TCP and UDP are described as reliable vs. unreliable transport layer options that operate over IP.

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Abhiram Sayani
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40 views26 pages

2-IP Addressing Subnet Internet Control Protocols

This document provides an overview of basic IP protocols including IP addressing, subnetting, routing, and ICMP. It describes how IP provides an unreliable, connectionless datagram service at the network layer. ICMP and other control protocols like ARP are used to support IP operations and provide functions like error reporting, address resolution, and flow control. Common protocols like TCP and UDP are described as reliable vs. unreliable transport layer options that operate over IP.

Uploaded by

Abhiram Sayani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basic IP Protocol

Outline
 Overview.
 IP Address.
 Subnetting.
 IP Routing.
 ICMP.
An Internet According to TCP/IP
TCP vs. OSI Model
Network Layer
 IP:Internet Protocol
 Unreliable (best-effort)
 Connectionless
 IP datagram
 ICMP: Internet Control Message Protocol
 Request/response/error messages
 Ping, traceroute
 Encapsulated in IP datagrams.
 IGMP: Internet Group Management Protocol
 Join/leave IP multicast groups.
 Encapsulated in IP datagrams.
Transport Layer
 TCP
 Reliable (timeout/retransmission mechanism)
 Connection-oriented.
 TCP segment
 Telnet, rlogin, SMTP, HTTP, FTP
 UDP (datagram)
 Unreliable but low-overhead
 DNS, TFTP, BOOTP, SNMP
 Connecting thru “port” (SAP).
 16-bit numbers
 well-known port number: HTTP(80), FTP(20), etc.
Port
IP Datagram
IP Address
IP Address Classes
Decimal Notation
IP Class Ranges
Network and Host Address
Example
Example: Subnet
Subnetting
Netmask
Basic IP Routing
 Hop-by-hop using routing table.
 Routing table entry:
 Destination IP address:
 host address - non-zero host ID
 network address - host ID = 0

 Gateway IP address:
 next-hop router.
 directly connected.
Basic IP Routing
 Flags
 destination IP: host or network address
 gateway IP: router or direct connect

 Network interface should be used for transmissio


n.
IP Routing Mechanism
 Search routing table for an entry:
 Matches the complete IP address (both network and host I
Ds).
 Matches the destination network ID.
 Default route.
 If found, send to the gateway IP address (either next
-hop or directly connected interface).
 Otherwise, the datagram is undeliverable (router iss
ues an ICMP error message).
Internet Control Protocols
 To provide support for IP.
 ARP
 RARP
 ICMP
 All data for these protocols are encapsulated
in IP datagrams.
ICP: ARP
 ARP: Address Resolution Protocol
 To send a packet to the destination, a host must kno
w the destination physical network address.
 The sender/router must convert from IP address to p
hysical network address (ie. Ethernet address).
 When a host wants to find a physical address:
 It broadcasts an ARP request containning an IP address.
 The owner (or designated responder) replies with its own n
etwork address.
 ARP response can be cached.
Address Resolution Protocol
ICP: RARP
 Reverse Address Resolution Protocol.
 The reverse of ARP.
 For diskless workstation.
 X Terminal
 Other related protocols:
 bootp
 tftp
ICP: ICMP
 Internet Control Message Protocol
 Communicate error messages and other conditions f
or IP and higher layers.
 Message Types:
 Status checking: ping.
 Error messages: destination unreachable, network unreac
hable, etc.
 Flow control: source quench.
 Routing control: redirect, etc.
 Information retrieval: timestamp request, etc.
Important ICMP Messages
 Echo:
 for ping program.
 Destination, network, port unreachable messages:
 Used by the traceroute program.
 Time Exceeded:
 TTL = 0 during transit or reassembly.
 Also used by the traceroute program.
 Source quench:
 flow control.
 the receiver informs the sender that it is running out of buffer
and starts dropping datagrams.

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