Biosignal Processing
BME-311
Fourier Transform
Instructor: Engr. Farhan Yousaf
Types of Impulse Responses
Finite Impulse Response (FIR)
When there are finite number of samples, The system output is said to be FIR
Infinite Impulse Response (IIR)
When there are infinite number of samples, the system output is said to be IIR
Transforms
A mathematical transform refers to a systematic way of associating a
mathematical expression or function with another expression or function through
a specific rule or formula.
The purpose of a transform is often to simplify the analysis of a problem,
represent data in a more useful form, or solve a problem more effectively.
Transforms are used in various branches of mathematics and its applications, such
as physics, engineering, and data analysis
Examples of
Transforms
Laplace Transform:
Fourier Transform
Z Transform
Cosine Transform
Wavelet Transform
Fourier Transform
The Fourier transform, named after Joseph Fourier, is a
mathematical transform that decomposes a function of time (or
space) into its constituent frequencies.
It's a fundamental tool in the fields of signal processing, image
processing, and various branches of engineering and physics.
It is a special version of Laplace transform where sigma is zero.
Fourier Transform
The transform reveals the frequency components present in a continuous or
discrete time-domain signal.
It is a tool that breaks a waveform (a function or signal) into an alternate
representation which are characterized by sine and cosines
It shows that any waveform can be re-written as the weighted sum of sinusoidal
functions.
Types of FT (Fourier Transform
Continuous-Time Fourier Transform (CTFT): Deals with continuous-time,
continuous-amplitude signals.
Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT): Deals with discrete-time, continuous-
amplitude signals.
Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT): A discrete version of the Fourier transform
used for discrete sequences.
Fast Fourier Transform (FFT): An efficient algorithm to compute the DFT of a
sequence.
Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT): An extension of the Fourier transform
used for non-stationary signals.
Fourier Transform and inverse transform
Given a signal x[n] and it’s Fourier Transform X[k]
Fourier Transform and inverse Transform
Fourier Transform
Inverse Transform
Fourier Transform
Fourier Transform of , single variable, continuous signal
Fourier transform of two variables function (x,y), continuous.
Properties of Fourier Transform
Linearity
Scaling
Properties of Fourier Transform
Time Differentiation
Convolution Property
Properties of Fourier Transform
Frequency Shift Property
Time Shift Property
Fourier Transform in Image Processing
Used to access the geometric characteristics of a spatial domain image
Fourier Transform decomposes the image into its sinusoidal components
In case of images,
Fourier transform is shifted in such a way that F(0,0) represents the center of the
image.
The further away from the center an image point is, the higher is it’s
corresponding frequency
Fourier Transform in images
The fourier transform is used in a wide range in image processing
Image Filteration
Image Analysis
Image reconstruction
Image compression
Etc.
Exponentials
Continuous Time S-Domain (Laplace Transform)
Discrete time z-domain (z transform)
Exponentials
Convolution integral is defined as
If
Representation of functions as complex exponentials is defined by fourier
Graphical approach to Fourier Series
y0 = 1
Graphical approach to Fourier Series
Graphical approach to Fourier Series
𝑦=𝑦0+𝑦1
Graphical approach to Fourier Series
Graphical approach to Fourier Series
Graphical approach to fourier series
2
𝑦 3= cos (6 𝜋 𝑡)
3
Graphical approach to Fourier Series
Fourier Series
In general, a Fourier series would be defined as
In Polar Form:
In rectangular form as such:
Fourier Series
Exponential form:
Fourier Series and Coefficients
Represented as
+
Fourier Series
For Even Function
Fourier Coefficient,
For Odd Function
Fourier Coefficient,
Fourier Series vs Transform
Square Wave
Square Wave
)
Where
Fourier Transform
Fourier Transform
y
Fourier Transform
𝑦 ( 𝑡 )=𝑢(𝑡)
Home Task
Calculate Continuous Time Fourier Transform of the following signals
1) impulse
2) Step
3) Sin
4) Cos
5) Rect(x)
6) Sinc(x) = sinx/x
