Mobile Computing-CSC603
Subject Incharge
Ansari Fatima Anees
Assistant Professor
email: fatima.ansari@mhssce.ac.in
5.2 Macro - Mobility
What is Macro Mobility?
•Macro mobility mechanism takes care of global mobility
where the mobile moves between administrative domains.
•The movement of devices between two network domains is
referred to as macro-mobility.
•For example, the movement of MN from domain 1 to
domain 2.
•A domain represents an administrative body, which may
include different access networks, such as WLAN, second-
generation (2G), and third-generation (3G) networks.
Macro Mobility contain two types of protocols
1. MIPv6 (Mobile IPv6)
2. FMIPv6 (Fast Mobile IPv6)
Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6)
• Mobile IPv6 provides mobility support for IPv6.
• It allows you to keep the same internet address all over the world,
and allows applications using that address to maintain transport
and upper-layer connections when changing locations. It allows
mobility across homogenous and heterogeneous media.
• IPv6’s increased address space and inherent support for security
and autoconfiguration have made it an attractive candidate to
support mobility for the next generation Internet.
Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6)
• Since address auto-configuration is standard part of MIPv6, MH will
always obtain a CoA routable to the foreign network.
• Thus, there is no need to have a foreign agent (FA) in MIPv6.
• When the mobile node moves to a new foreign network it acquires a
temporary care-of-address using stateless auto-configuration via
DHCPv6 (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol )
• In Mobile IPv6, each mobile node is identified by two IP addresses:
– its home address
– its care-of address.
Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6)
• The home address is a permanent IP address that identifies the mobile
node regardless of its location.
• The care-of address changes at each new point of attachment and
provides information about the mobile node's current situation.
• When a mobile node arrives to a visited network, it must acquire a care-
of address, which will be used during the time that the mobile node is
under this location in the visited network.
MIPv6 Diagram
Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6)
● There must be at least one home agent configured on the home
network, and the mobile node must be configured to know the IP
address of its home agent.
● The mobile node sends a packet containing a binding update to the
home agent.
● The home agent receives the packet and makes an association
between the home address to the mobile node and the care-of
address it received.
● The home agent responds with a packet containing a binding
Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6)
● The home agent keeps a binding cache containing associations
between the home addresses and the care-of addresses for the
mobile nodes it serves.
● The home agent will intercept any packets destined for the
home address and forward them to the mobile nodes.
● A mobile node will then send a binding update to the
correspondent node informing it of its care-of address, and the
correspondent node will create a binding cache entry so that it
can send future traffic directly to the mobile node at its care-of
address.
MIPv6 vs MIPv4
1. Unlike Mobile IPv4, the visited networks do not have any
foreign agents.
2. MIPv6 route optimization feature also enables direct data
delivery from the correspondent host (CH) to the mobile
node.
3. Although Mobile IPv6 is defined as the network layer
approach and one needs to install an MIPv6 stack so as
to support mobility in an IPv6 space.
MIPv4 Diagram
Mobile IPv6 - Advantages & Disadvantages
1. While Mobile IPv6 provides a way of making sure of the
uniqueness of an address as a mobile moves to a new router
space.
2. It also adds delay to the binding update and binding
acknowledgement as in Mobile Ipv4.
3. Compared with regular Mobile IP, there are inherent advantages
to MIPv6.
4. Route optimization is a standard feature of MIPv6.
5. No need for the CH to be equipped with additional software.
6. MH sends a binding update directly to the CH.
Mobile IPv6 - Advantages & Disadvantages
7.For the ongoing traffic, this avoids triangular routing, and thus
packets from the CH to the MH need not be encapsulated but are
sent direct to the MH with its CoA as the source route.
8. When a new CH needs to communicated with the mobile for the
first time, the packets from the CH need to travel to the home agent
and be tunneled to the mobile host.
Fast Mobile IPv6 (FMIPv6)
1. While Mobile IPv6 takes care of session continuity during
handoff, by itself.
2. But it lacks the ability to provide the low-latency handoff and
reduced packet loss that are essential for many interactive
applications such as Voice over Ip, gaming, and conferencing.
3. Most of the handoff delays observed in Mobile IPv6 are due to IP
address configuration and binding update delay when the home
agent is far away.
Fast Mobile IPv6 (FMIPv6)
1. Fat Mobile IPv6 (FMIPv6) proposes mechanisms to reduce the
handoff delay by way of lacalizing the binding updates to the
edges of the network, reducing the delay due to IP adress
acquisiton, and buffering at the edge routers.
2. This involves additional protocol exchange between the mobile
host, the current router (pAR) and the next access router (nAR).
3. The FMIPv6 protocols work in conjunction with the existing
MIPv6 stack.
FMIPv6 Diagram
Thank You!
