CHAPTER 2: TRANSFORMERS
by
Chaise Jacob Khumalo
Department of Electrical Engineering
REVISION:
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
On completion of this lecture you should be able to:
Describe the construction and principle of operation of a single
– phase transformer.
Compare the properties of an ideal transformer with a practical
transformer.
Explain and interpret the transformer rating information.
Describe impedance marching in transformers.
Explain and perform a polarity test on a transformer.
INTRODUCTION:
AC AC
POWER POWER
INTRODUCTION:
TRANSMISSION TRANSFORMER
DISTRIBUITION TRANSFORMER
SERVICE TRANSFORMERS
11kV/415 V
CIRCUIT TRANSFORMERS
230V/15.6 V
CONSTRUCTION:
Primary & secondary coils are electrically isolated but
magnetically linked through a low reluctance path (iron core).
Reduce
BASIC COMPONENTS eddy
current
losses
HOW DOES IT WORK?
IDEAL TRANSFORMER:
• (winding resistance)
• No leakage flux & core losses
• (high permeability)
𝒅∅ 𝒅∅
𝒗 𝟏=𝒆 𝟏=𝑵 𝟏 𝒗 𝟐=𝒆 𝟐=𝑵 𝟐
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝒗𝟏 𝒆𝟏 𝑵 𝟏
= = =𝒂=𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒏𝒔 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒐𝒓 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐
𝒗𝟐 𝒆𝟐 𝑵 𝟐
IDEAL TRANSFORMER:
𝒆𝟏=𝑵 𝟏 𝝎∅𝒎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎𝒕 𝒆𝟐=𝑵 𝟐 𝝎∅𝒎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎𝒕
𝒆 𝟏=√ 𝟐 𝑬 𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎 𝒕 𝒆 𝟐=√ 𝟐 𝑬 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎 𝒕
𝑵𝟐∅𝒎 𝝎
∴ 𝑬𝟏 =
𝑵𝟏∅𝒎 𝝎
√𝟐
𝝎=𝟐𝝅 𝒇 ∴ 𝑬𝟐 =
√𝟐
𝑬𝟏 𝑵 𝟏
= =𝒂=𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒏𝒔 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐
𝑬𝟐 𝑵 𝟐
IDEAL TRANSFORMER:
Power
Conservation
𝑺𝟏=𝑺𝟐 𝑬 𝟏 𝑰 𝟏=𝑬𝟐 𝑰𝟐
𝑵 𝟏 𝑰 𝟏=𝑵 𝟐 𝑰 𝟐 MMF
Conservation
IMPEDANCE TRANSFER:
𝑽 𝟏=𝒂𝑽 𝟐
𝑰𝟐
𝑰 𝟏=
𝒂
𝑽𝟐 Secondary Primary
𝒁 𝟐= Impedance Impedance
𝑰𝟐
′ 𝟐
𝒁 𝟏=𝒁 𝟐=𝒂 𝒁 𝟐
IMPEDANCE TRANSFER:
Secondary impedance is transferred to the primary side
′ 𝟐
𝒁 = 𝒁 𝟏=𝒂 𝒁 𝟐
𝟐
Primary impedance is transferred to the secondary side
′ 𝒁𝟏
𝒁 = 𝒁 𝟐=
𝟏 𝟐
𝒂
TRANSFORMER RATING:
10 kVA
1100/110 V
Two winding step – down transformer
One winding rated at 1100 V and the other one at 110 V
Each winding is designed for 10 kVA
The current rating for HV winding is
The current rating for LV winding is
Rated Voltage
The device can continuously operate at the rated voltage
without being damaged due to insulation failure.
Rated Current
The device can continuously operated at the rated current
without being damaged due to thermal destruction.
Transformer Polarity:
Currents entering identical terminals produce fluxes in the same
direction.
Therefore and are in phase
A pair of dots that indicates like A pair of dots that indicates unlike
polarity (in – phase voltage case) polarity (out of phase voltage case)
Transformer Polarity:
Transformer Polarity Test:
𝒆 𝟏𝟑 =𝒆𝟏𝟐 +𝒆 𝟑𝟒
If then 1 and 4 are identical
If then 1 and 3 are identical
THANK YOU!!!
