Abnormal Combustion in IC
engines
Reference:
Internal Combustion Engines (4th Edition)
by V. Ganeshan
Chapter 12 Combustion and combustion
chambers
Topic: The phenomenon of knock in SI engines
Topic: The phenomenon of knock in CI engines
Topic: Comparisons of knock in SI & CI engine
Comparisons- 2S & 4S cycle
engines
Limited to applications normally
encountered in the Oil & Gas
industries, some of the advantages &
disadvantages associated with each
engine type are discussed in the
following slides.
2S cycle engines:
Advantages
Relatively smaller size for comparable horsepower
machines.
Reduced weight over similar horsepower four-stroke
engines.
Fewer mechanical parts. (i.e. no valves)
Reduced maintenance.
Generally simplified maintenance procedures.
Reduced overall installation cost due to size and
weight.
Disadvantages
Scavenging system required to allow self-starting.
(lesser time for induction)
Prone to detonation at high ambient temperatures
Lower exhaust temperature reduces available
waste heat,
Power cylinders require frequent balancing.
Very sensitive to lube oil to prevent excessive port
carboning,
4S cycle engines:
Advantages:
Substantial exhaust heat available for waste heat recovery.
Reduced detonation tendency at high ambient temperatures.
Requires infrequent power cylinder balancing.
Disadvantages:
Higher comparable package weight and space requirements.
More complex maintenance.
More expensive facility costs.
Two-stroke engines are generally of slow
speed (300-600 rpm) design with
horsepower exceeding 2000 bhp.
The four stroke engines are available over all
speed ranges. Four-stroke engines tend to
be used for lower horsepower applications
although some are available in sizes
exceeding 3000 bhp.
Naturally Aspirated vs.
Supercharged Engines
Naturally-Aspirated engine
A naturally-aspirated engine is one common type
reciprocating piston internal combustion engine that
depends solely on atmospheric pressure to counter the
partial vacuum in the induction tract to draw in combustion
air.
Most automobile petrol engines, as well as many small
engines used for non-automotive purposes, are naturally-
aspirated
This is in contrast to a forced induction engine, in which a
mechanically-driven supercharger, or an exhaust gas-
driven turbocharger is employed to facilitate in increasing
the mass of intake air beyond what could be produced by
atmospheric pressure alone.
The brake power of the engine,
Where
P bm = brake mean effective pressure,
Vs = Swept volume
n = No. of power strokes
= N/2 for 4-stroke engine
= N for 2-stroke engine
N = RPM of the crank shaft
K = no of cylinders
Friction put the limit on speed
Brake mean effective pressure can be boosted up by supplying
more dense charge in the combustion
SUPERCHARGING PRINCIPLES
The amount of force an air–fuel
charge produces when it is
ignited is largely a function of
the charge density.
Density is the mass of a
substance in a given amount of
space.
This method of supplying air or air/fuel mixture higher than the pressure
at which engine naturally aspirates, by means of a boosting device is
called the supercharging.
Effects of Supercharging
Higher power output
Greater induction of charge mass
Better atomization of fuel
Better mixing of fuel and air
Better scavenging of products
Better torque characteristics over the whole speed range
Quicker acceleration of vehicle
More complete and smoother combustion
Poor ignition quality fuel usage
Smoother operation and reduction in diesel knock tendency
Increased detonation tendency in SI engines
[continue…]
Effects of Supercharging
Improved cold starting
Reduced exhaust smoke
Reduced specific fuel consumption, in turbo charging
Increased mechanical efficiency
Increased thermal stress
Increased heat losses due to increased turbulence
Increased gas loading
Increased cooling requirements of pistons and valves
Mechanically driven Superchargers
(superchargers)
A supercharger is an air compressor used
for forced induction of an I.C. engine.
The greater mass flow-rate provides more
oxygen to support combustion than would
be available in a naturally-aspirated engine,
which allows more fuel to be provided and
more work to be done per cycle, increasing
the power output of the engine.
The engine should be designed to withstand
the higher forces due to supercharging.
However, a supercharger, because it is
driven by the engine, does require
horsepower to operate and is not as
efficient as a turbocharger.
Exhaust gas driven Superchargers
(turbochargers)
Exhaust gas is directed through a
set of nozzles to drive a turbine
wheel. An air compressor
directly connected to the
exhaust turbine that delivers
combustion air to the power
cylinders.
Thus, back-pressure is put on the
engine exhaust, reducing power
slightly, but the net effect of the
increase in air mass flow
available for combustion is to
increase horsepower.
FUEL SUPLYING SYSTEMS
Reciprocating engines are classified as either
spark ignited (SI) or compression ignited
(CI). Fuel is supplied to spark ignited engines
by either a carburetor or fuel injection.
Fuel is supplied to compression ignited (diesel)
engines by fuel injector.
Carburetion Principal
Air horn
◦ Air enters at
Atmospheric
pressure
Venturi
◦ High vacuum
is created
Engine side
◦ Low vacuum
created on
the intake
stroke
Purpose of Carburetion
A carburetor’s primary purpose is to produce a
mixture of air and fuel for different engine
operating conditions.
Carburetion
Types of carburetors -
air direction
◦ Side draft
Carburetion
Types of carburetors
- air direction
◦ Up Draft
Carburetion
Types of carburetors -
air direction
◦ Down draft
Carburetor Circuits
Idle circuit
◦ Supplies air-fuel
mixture when
the throttle is
closed for low
speed operation
Carburetor Circuits
Throttle
◦ Regulates air –
fuel mixture
entering the
cylinders
Carburetor Circuits
Choke circuit
◦ Provides a rich
air-fuel mixture
for cold starts
Carburetor Circuits
Accelerator circuit
◦ Provides
additional fuel to
maintain the air
fuel ratio when
the throttle is
quickly opened.
Purpose of Carburetion
Store
Deliver
Filter
Mixair and fuel
Meter air and fuel
Carburetion air-fuel
requirements
Ratio of air to fuel.
Stoichiometric ratio
of 14.7:1
Example 14.7 kg of
air to 1 kg of fuel
Air-Fuel ratios
◦ Rich / lean
Multi Port Fuel Injection
System
(MPFI)
Introduction
In Petrol vehicles carburetor is used for
supplying air-fuel mixture to the cylinder.
Inresponse to the recent demand for cleaner
exhaust emission improved drivability and
mileage, carburetor is not sufficient.
In place of the carburetor, MPFI system is used
in the vehicles.
MPFI system injects fuel into individual
cylinders based on commands from engine
control module.
The MPFI gives higher output, faster throtle
response under varying driving conditions.
Working
Fuel Injection system (CI engine)
The fuel injection system
controls the air/fuel ratio
around the stoichiometry
under any driving conditions
by injecting a specific
amount of fuel at
appropriate timing, based
on signals from the engine
ECU.
The engine ECU determines
the amount of fuel injection
based on the amount of air
detected by the air system
and driving conditions.
