Maharana Pratap Group of Institutions, Mandhana, Kanpur

(Approved By AICTE, New Delhi And Affiliated To AKTU, Luck now)

Digital Notes
[Department of Applied Science]

Course : B.Tech
Branch : 4th Year
Semester : Even(02)
Subject Name : Rural Development
Administration & Planning
Subject Code : KHU-701/801
Lecture No. /Topic : Rural Development
Programmes
Prepared by : Shweta Parmar 1
 Sriniketan Experiment-1922
• Founded by Rabindra Nath Tagore for Village Development
Main Objective:
• All round development of rural people.
Objectives:
• To help rural people for the development of cottage industries
• To develop their resources so that they can know new scientific methods of farming
• Development of cattle
• Development of multi purpose primary level education
• To help self help initiative and rural leadership.
• Non-formal education: Starting an organization to provide education to those who didn't have access to regular
educational opportunities
• Training village school teachers: Setting up a program to train village school teachers
• The program was successful in some ways, such as eradicating malaria and monkeys, and introducing new
agricultural strategies and livestock breeds. However, it was not able to be sustained long term due to a lack of
trained personnel and professional support
 Sriniketan Experiment-1922
Activities:

• Sanitation in villages
• Adult Education
• To arrange campaign for the eradication of malaria, TB, and other infectious disease.
• To manage pure drinking water
• To manage saving for famine and flood
• Development of cottage industries
Method of Working:

• Survey of selected villages.

• Foundation of Social Welfare Centre in each village. Workers and people used to bring problems to the centre and solutions
were provided to them. It was a two way process.
• To manage medicines which may be available to people at proper times.
• Demonstration of used practices
• Community Centres.
 Gurgaon Experiment -1920
• The Gurgaon Experiment, also known as the Gurgaon Scheme, was a rural development program in the Gurgaon
district of Punjab in 1920. The program was initiated by F. L. Brayne, the Deputy Commissioner of Gurgaon at
the time, and some British administrators. The program's goals were to improve agriculture, women's education,
health, and sanitation, and to reduce poverty through mass movement.
Objectives:
• To deal with whole life of the village.
• The work should be started in whole district at a time
• Development work should be taken at campaign level.
Area of work :
Agriculture development and increasing food production
Health improvement
Village Sanitation
Social Improvement
Emphasis on women education
Development of cooperative associations.
 Gurgaon Experiment -1920
• The program's activities included:
• Introducing improved seeds, tools, and cultivation methods
• Establishing a school of rural economy to train village guides
• Establishing a domestic school of economy to train women
• Establishing a health association with five health centres
• Establishing a women's institute in Gurgaon to manage a garden
• The program failed for a number of reasons, including:
• Reforms were imposed on the people, rather than initiated by them
• The program increased the gap between the haves and the have-nots
• The village guides were not technical, so they could not achieve much
• The program did not develop leadership in the villages
• The program was based on Brayne's sentiments, and it stopped when he was transferred
 Marthandum Project -1928
• Marthandum project started in Tamil Nadu in 1928 by Spencer Hetch under the sponsorship of YMCA and
Christian Church.
• Five Fold programme : Mental, Physic, Spirit, Mind and economic and social aspect of life.
• Areas covered was 100 villages.
Objectives:
• The project's objectives were to meet the mental, physical, and spiritual needs of the villagers.
• Self help and cooperation.
• Opening the demonstration centres.
• There should be a voluntary association.
• Helping people in their own work.
Activities:
• Poultry
• Cultivation by improved methods
• Bee –Keeping
• Cattle Industry
 Marthandum Project -1928
Method of Working:

• To bring out the serving habit in people.

• The members of voluntary association were staying in villages for few days to work with them in same
condition.

• Rural dramas for recreation.

• Poultry and Bee-Keeping programmes were launched.

• Tour, campus, exhibitions and melas were organised.

 Marthandum Project -1928
• Activities:
• Some of the activities included: Egg-selling club: A self-governing body that was a successful
outcome of the project
• Honey club: A cooperative society that taught villagers how to use modern beehives and extract
honey
• Bull clubs: A club for bulls
• Weaver's club: A club for weavers

• Challenges :
• The project faced several challenges, including: Inadequate funds and governmental help
• Religious bias
• Conflict over leadership between the YMCA and Church Association after the death of Dr. Hatch
• No economic advantage for the non-paid workers
 Firka Development Program- 1946 (Madras)
• Firka Development Programme (1946)
• This programme was started by Government in the last quarter of 1946 in Firkas throughout Madras state.
It was extended to another 50 additional Firkas at the rate of two Firkas per district.

• Selection of Firkas
• On the basis of their backwardness.
• Possibilities for increasing the production of handloom clothes and other cottage industries.
• Objectives
• To tackle the rural problem as a whole.
• Preparation of short term plans for the development of rural communication, water supply.
• Formation of panchayats and organization of cooperatives.
• Long term plan to make the area self sufficient through agricultural, irrigational and livestock
improvements.
• Development of Khadi and Cottage Industries.
 Firka Development Program- 1946 (Madras)
Method of Working:
The collector, was primarily responsible for the successful working of athe scheme in the district. Each Firka
was divided into 5 to 10 groups of villages which were put in the charges of Gram Sewaks. Each Firka or Group
of Firkas was provided with special staff like agricultural field man, administrative officers, P.W.D., Supervisors
and minor irrigation oversees. It the state level, there was a state Rural welfare Board comprising the heads of
the departments and influential and constructive social workers. This board drew up the comprehensive plan of
Firka Development October, 1947.
In order to effectively stimulate healthy competition between official and non-official agencies, the
Government of madras decided to entrust the development schemes to non-officials agencies engaged in doing
constructive work. Five non-official agencies were actually selected and paid grants for doing Firka
Development of:

• Rural Reconstruction
• Drinking water facilities
• Sanitation
• Agriculture
• Khadi and village industries
 Nilokheri Experiment
• Shri S.K. Dey later Union Minister for community Development and Cooperatives up to 1965 was the central figure of this
project. It was originally started to rehabilitate 7000 displaced persons from Pakistan. Later it was integrated with 100
surrounding villages making a rural cum urban township. The scheme was called as “Mazdoor Manzil”.
Objectives:
• 1. Rehabilitation of the displaced persons from Pakistan.
• 2. Self sufficiency for the township in all the essential requirements of life.
Activities:
• 1. School
• 2. Agricultural Farm
• 3. Poly-Technique training centre
• 4. Dairy
• 5. Poultry Farm
• 6. Piggery Farm
• 7. Horticultural Garden
• 8. Printing Press
• 9. Garment Factory
• 10. Engineering workshop
• 11. Soap Factory
 Etawah- Pilot Project

The idea of starting this project was conceived and born in 1947. It was put into action with headquarters at Mahewa village about
17 miles from Etawah (U.P.) in September, 1948. First 64 villages, which were then increased to 97, were covered under this
project. Lt.col. Albert Mayer of USA, who came to India with the American forces in 1944, was the originator of this project for his
scheme, assistance was given by USA and UP Government.

• Mayer studied all the other projects and form them he came to the conclusion that:
1. A programme should be based on the need of the people.
2. This programme should be extended by conducting demonstration and evaluation work.
3. The programme should include cottage industries development so that subsidiary occupation could be developed.
4. A project has to be well organized and planned.
5. Rural development should take into account all the aspects of the human being. It is not enough to have a programme for just
one class or group of people.
• In this project major emphasis was given on increasing agricultural production by the use of green manure, better seeds,
agricultural implements fertilizers, adult education and reactivation of saline soils.
 Etawah- Pilot Project

• Characteristics of the scheme:

1. The extension workers were known as a colleague.
2. These colleagues met villagers informally and discussed their specific problems.
3. They kept personal touch and personal contact with them.
4. Colleagues were educated upto graduate level.
5. There were counsellors behind colleagues, who guided them in technical aspects.