EXCEPTION HANDLING
class Exc2 { class Exc2 {
public static void main(String args[]) { public static void main(String args[]) {
int d, a; int d, a;
try { // monitor a block of code. try { // monitor a block of code.
d = 0; d = 0;
a = 42 / d; a = 42 / d;
System.out.println("This will not be System.out.println("This will not be printed");
printed"); }
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
catch (ArithmeticException e) { System.out.println("Division by zero.");
System.out.println("Division by zero."); a = 0; }
System.out.println("After catch statement.");
} }
System.out.println("After catch }
statement."); }
class MultiCatch { catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
public static void main(String args[]) System.out.println("Array index oob: " + e);
}
{
System.out.println("After try/catch blocks.");
try {
}
int a = args.length;
}
System.out.println("a = " + a);
C:\>java MultiCatch
int b = 42 / a;
a=0
int c[] = { 1 };
Divide by 0: java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by
c[42] = 99; zero
} After try/catch blocks.
catch(ArithmeticException e) { C:\>java MultiCatch TestArg
System.out.println("Divide by 0: " + e); a=1
} Array index oob:
java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException:42
class SuperSubCatch {
public static void main(String args[]) {
try {
int a = 0;
int b = 42 / a;
}
catch(Exception e) {
System.out.println("Generic Exception catch."); }
/* This catch is never reached because ArithmeticException is a subclass of Exception. */
catch(ArithmeticException e) { // ERROR - unreachable
System.out.println("This is never reached.");
}
}
}
class NestTry { catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e)
public static void main(String args[]) {
try { {
int a = args.length; System.out.println("Array index out-of-
int b = 42 / a; bounds: " + e);
System.out.println("a = " + a); }
try { }
if(a==1) a = a/(a-a); catch(ArithmeticException e)
if(a==2) { {
int c[] = { 1 }; System.out.println("Divide by 0: " + e);
c[42] = 99; }
} }
} }
throw
It is possible to throw an exception explicitly, using the throw statement.
The general form of throw is shown here:
throw ThrowableInstance;
Here, ThrowableInstance must be an object of type Throwable or a
subclass of Throwable.
class ThrowDemo { public static void main(String args[])
static void demoproc() { {
try { try {
throw new demoproc();
}
NullPointerException("demo");
catch(NullPointerException e) {
}
System.out.println("Recaught: " + e);
catch(NullPointerException e) {
System.out.println("Caught inside }
demoproc."); }
throw e; // rethrow the exception }
}
} Caught inside demoproc.
Recaught: java.lang.NullPointerException:
demo
throws
A throws clause lists the types of exceptions that a method might throw.
This is necessary for all exceptions or RuntimeException, or any of their
subclasses. All other exceptions that a method can throw must be declared
in the throws clause. If they are not, a compile-time error will result.
type method-name(parameter-list) throws exception-list
{
// body of method
}
Here, exception-list is a comma-separated list of the exceptions that a
method can throw.
class ThrowsDemo class ThrowsDemo {
{ static void throwOne() throws
static void throwOne() { IllegalAccessException {
System.out.println("Inside System.out.println("Inside throwOne.");
throwOne."); throw new IllegalAccessException("demo");
throw new }
IllegalAccessException("demo");
} public static void main(String args[]) {
try {
public static void main(String args[]) throwOne(); }
{ catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
throwOne(); System.out.println("Caught " + e); }
}
}
}
}
finally
• finally creates a block of code that will be executed after a try/catch block
has completed and before the code following the try/catch block.
• The finally block will execute whether or not an exception is thrown.
• If an exception is thrown, the finally block will execute even if no catch
statement matches the exception.
• Any time a method is about to return to the caller from inside a try/catch
block, via an uncaught exception or an explicit return statement, the finally
clause is also executed just before the method returns.
• This can be useful for closing file handles and freeing up any other
resources that might have been allocated at the beginning of a method with
the intent of disposing of them before returning.
• The finally clause is optional.
• However, each try statement requires at least one catch or a finally clause.
class FinallyDemo { static void procC() {
static void procA() { try { System.out.println("inside procC");
try { }
System.out.println("inside procA"); finally {
throw new RuntimeException("demo"); } System.out.println("procC's finally");
finally { }
System.out.println("procA's finally"); } }
} public static void main(String args[]) {
static void procB() { try { procA(); }
try { catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("inside procB"); System.out.println("Exception caught");
return; } }
finally { procB();
System.out.println("procB's finally"); } procC(); }
} }
Unchecked RuntimeException Subclasses
Checked Exceptions
Creating Your Own Exception Subclasses
• We will probably want to create our own exception types to handle
situations specific to your application.
• This is quite easy to do: just define a subclass of Exception.
• The Exception class does not define any methods of its own. It does, of
course, inherit those methods provided by Throwable.
• Thus, all exceptions, including those that you create, have the methods
defined by Throwable available to them.
class MyException extends Exception System.out.println("Normal exit");
{ private int detail; }
MyException(int a) { detail = a; } public static void main(String args[]) {
public String toString() try {
{ return "MyException[" + detail + "]"; } compute(1);
} compute(20);
class ExceptionDemo { }
static void compute(int a) throws catch (MyException e) {
MyException { System.out.println("Caught " + e); }
System.out.println("Called compute(" }
+ a + ")"); }
if(a > 10) Called compute(1)
Normal exit
throw new MyException(a); Called compute(20)
Caught MyException[20]
Chained Exceptions
catch(NullPointerException e)
class ChainExcDemo {
{
static void demoproc() {
// display top level exception
NullPointerException e =
System.out.println("Caught: " + e);
new NullPointerException("top layer");
// add a cause
// display cause exception
e.initCause(new
System.out.println("Original cause: "
ArithmeticException("cause"));
+ e.getCause());
throw e;
}
}
}
public static void main(String args[]) {
}
try { demoproc(); }
Caught: java.lang.NullPointerException: top layer
Original cause: java.lang.ArithmeticException: cause
