BATCH PROCESS

DESIGN
• Batch process - temperature, concentration, mass and other properties vary with
time
• Many batch processes are designed on the basis of a scale-up from the laboratory,
particularly for the manufacture of specialty chemicals
• A complete batch process - Feed material is withdrawn from storage using a
pump. The feed material is preheated in a heat exchanger before being fed to a
batch reactor. Once the reactor is full, further heating takes place inside the
reactor using steam to the reactor jacket, before the reaction proceeds. During
the later stages of the reaction, cooling water is applied to the reactor jacket.
Once the reaction is complete, the reactor product is withdrawn using a pump.
The reactor product is passed to a batch distillation that produces a finished
product in the overhead and a residue left in the distillation. The product and
residue are sent to storage.
• The first two steps, pumping for reactor filling and feed preheat are both semi-
continuous. The heating inside the reactor, the reaction itself and the cooling
using the reactor jacket are all batch. The pumping to empty the reactor and
 GANTT
CHARTS
• The batch cycle time is
the time interval
between successive
batches of product
being produced
• Gantt chart - poor
utilization of equipment
- considerable periods
over which the
equipment is standing
idle, sometimes termed
dead time.
• High utilization of
equipment is one of the
goals of batch process
design
• This can be achieved by
overlapping batches
• Overlapping means that more than one batch, at different stages, resides in the process
at any time (Figure)
• The step with the longest time limits the cycle time
• Alternatively, if more than one step is carried out in the same equipment, the cycle time is
limited by the longest series of steps in the same equipment
• The batch cycle time must be at least as long as the longest step
 PRODUCTION SCHEDULES FOR SINGLE
PRODUCTS
• Batch process for the production of single product - it involves three steps (Step A, Step B
and Step C) in which Step A takes 10 h, Step B takes 5 h and Step C also takes 5 h
• Figure (a) - a sequential production schedule
• Sequential production schedule - subsequent batches are only started once the previous
batch has been completely finished. For this sequential production schedule, the cycle
time is 20 h.
• Sequential production schedule - very poor utilization of equipment
 PRODUCTION SCHEDULES FOR SINGLE
PRODUCTS
• Figure (b) - subsequent batches are started as soon as the appropriate equipment
becomes available. Cycle time decreases to 10 h for overlapping batches (the
length of the longest step).
• If a specified volume of production needs to be achieved over a given period of
time, then the equipment in the process that uses overlapping batches in Figure
(b) can be half the size of the equipment for sequential production in Figure (a)
• Figure (b) - Even with overlapping batches, Steps B and C are under utilized. Step
A is fully utilized and this is the limiting step.
 PRODUCTION SCHEDULES FOR SINGLE
PRODUCTS
• Figure (c) - a design in which there are two items of equipment operating Step
A, but in parallel. This allows both Step B and Step C to be carried out with
complete utilization.
• If the sizes of the equipment are compared to the sequential production
schedule, then each of the two Steps A1 and A2 in Figure (c) can be one-
quarter the size of the equipment for Step A for sequential production in Figure
(a). The size of the equipment for Steps B and C in Figure (c) will also be one-
quarter the size of those in the sequential production schedule in Figure (a)
 PRODUCTION SCHEDULES FOR SINGLE
PRODUCTS
• Figure (d) – usage of intermediate storage for the limiting step
• Figure (d) – Material from Step A is sent to storage, from which Step B draws its
feed. Material is still passed directly from Step B to Step C. Now all three steps
are fully utilized.
• Figure (d) – For the same rate of production over a period of time, the size of Step
A can be half that relative to the sequential production in Figure (a) and the sizes
of Steps B and C can in principle be one-quarter those for sequential production.
• Figure (d) – DISADVANTAGE - cost of introducing intermediate storage
 PRODUCTION SCHEDULES FOR MULTIPLE
PRODUCTS

• Batch processes often produce multiple products in the

same equipment
• Two broad types of batch process - flowshop or
multiproduct process and jobshop or multipurpose
process
• In flowshop or multiproduct plants, all products
produced require all steps in the process and follow the
same sequence of operations
• In jobshop or multipurpose processes, not all products
require all steps and/or might follow a different
 PRODUCTION
SCHEDULES FOR
MULTIPLE PRODUCTS
• Figure (a) - a production cycle
involving a sequential production
schedule. Production alternates
between Product 1 and Product 2.
The cycle time to produce a batch
each of Product 1 and 2 is 30 h.

• Figure (b) - To reduce the cycle time

and increase equipment utilization,
overlap the batches. This reduces
the cycle time to 18 h.

• All of the schedules considered so

far involved transferring material
from one step to another, from a
step to storage or from storage to a
 PRODUCTION
SCHEDULES FOR
MULTIPLE PRODUCTS
• An alternative is to exploit the
equipment in which a production
step has taken place to provide
hold-up. In this situation,
material is held in the
equipment until it is required by
the production schedule.
• Figure (c) - a schedule using
equipment hold-up. This reduces
the cycle time to 15 h.

• Figure (d) - usage of

intermediate storage
• Figure (d) - The use of storage is
only necessary for Product 2.
Use of intermediate storage in
 PRODUCTION SCHEDULES FOR MULTIPLE PRODUCTS:
SINGLE-PRODUCT CAMPAIGNS VS MIXED-PRODUCT CAMPAIGNS
SITUATION – three batches of two
products (Product 1 and 2) are to be
produced each involving two steps
(Step A and B) in a flowshop plant
• Figure (a) - single-product campaign -
Three batches of Product 1 and three
batches of Product 2 follow directly
from each other. For this production
schedule, the cycle time is 47 h
• The total time required to produce a
given number of batches, in this case
three batches of each Product 1 and
Product 2, is known as the
makespan
• From Figure (a), for single-product
campaign the makespan is 53 h
• Figure (b) - mixed-product campaign -
 EQUIPMENT CLEANING AND MATERIAL
TRANSFER
• Two practical issues can be
encountered in production scheduling
that can have a significant effect on the
cycle time and the makespan –
Practical issue No. 1 - the changeover
between two different products
• It is usual for the equipment to be
cleaned when changing from one
product to another
• Figures show the single-product
campaigns and mixed-product
campaigns from the previous Figure but
with cleaning between product changes
• The cleaning increases both the cycle
time and the makespan
• If the single-product campaign without
cleaning in the previous Figure (a) is
 EQUIPMENT CLEANING AND MATERIAL
TRANSFER
• When the mixed-product
campaign in the second previous
Figure (b) is compared with the
mixed-product campaign with
cleaning in Figure (b), there is a
more significant increase in both
the cycle time and the makespan.
Cleaning increases the cycle time
from 45 to 55 h and the
makespan from 51 to 61 h.
• Without cleaning the mixed-
product campaign would have
been considered to be more
efficient than the single-product
campaigns
 EQUIPMENT CLEANING AND
MATERIAL TRANSFER
Practical issue No. 2 - transfer times
between different steps in the production
schedules
• Figure - the production schedule with an
allowance of 1 h to transfer material
between storage and the production
steps, from one production step to
another and from the outlet of a
production step to storage.
• If material is being transferred from one
step to another step, then the emptying of
one step and filling the next step can be
carried out simultaneously, hence the
transfer from Step A to Step B and from
Step B to Step C overlaps.
• Figure (a) - cycle time for sequential
production increases from 20 h to 24 h for
one-hour transfer times
 SCALE UP METHODOLOGY
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
• Based on keeping the values of dimensionless groups of parameters constant during the
scale-up
• If all the dimensionless groups are kept constant,
the relative importance of the mechanisms or phenomena involved in the process will not
change during scale-up
• It is often impossible to keep all the dimensionless groups constant during scale-
up, hence one has to determine the most important groups and deemphasize the rest
• Dimensional analysis – a secure foundation for scale-up
MODEL ANALYSIS
• For predicting the performance of the hydraulic structures or hydraulic machines before
constructing or manufacturing, models of the structures or machines are made and tests
are performed on them to obtain the desired information
• Model – a small scale replica of the actual structure or machine
• Prototype - actual structure or machine
 SCALE UP METHODOLOGY
MODEL ANALYSIS
• Experimental solutions are desired as the exact analytical solutions for most of
the complex problems are not possible
• Advantages of dimensional and model analysis:-
1) The performance of the hydraulic structure or hydraulic machine can be easily
predicted, in advance, from its model
2) With the help of dimensional analysis, a relationship between the variables
influencing a flow problem in terms of dimensionless parameters is obtained. This
relationship helps in conducting tests on the model.
3) The merits of alternative designs can be predicted with the help of model testing.
The most economical and safe design may be, finally, adopted.
4) The tests performed on the models can be utilized for obtaining, in advance,
useful information about the performance of the prototypes only if a complete
similarity exists between the model and the prototype.
 SCALE UP METHODOLOGY
Similitude (Types of Similarities)
• Similitude is defined as the similarity between the model and its prototype in every respect, which
means that the model and prototype have similar properties
• The following three types of similarities must exist between the model and prototype:-
1) Geometric Similarity
2) Kinematic Similarity
3) Dynamic Similarity
Geometric Similarity
• The geometric similarity is said to exist between the model and the prototype if the ratio of all
corresponding linear dimensions in the model and prototype is equal
• Let
Lm = Length of the model
bm = Breadth of model
Dm = Diameter of model
Am = Area of model
Vm = Volume of model
 SCALE UP METHODOLOGY
Similitude (Types of Similarities)
• Similarly, Lp, bp, Dp, Ap, Vp = Corresponding values of the prototype

• For geometric similarity between model and prototype, we must have the relation,
= = = Lr
where Lr is called the scale ratio

• For area’s ratio and volume ratio the relation should be as given below:
= = Lr x Lr = Lr2

= ()3 = ()3 = ( )3
 SCALE UP METHODOLOGY
Similitude (Types of Similarities)
Kinematic Similarity
• Kinematic similarity means the similarity of motion between the model and prototype
• Kinematic similarity is said to exist between the model and the prototype if the ratios of
the velocity and acceleration at the corresponding points in the model and at the
corresponding points in the prototype are the same
• Since velocity and acceleration are vector quantities, hence not only the ratio of the
magnitude of velocity and acceleration at the corresponding points in the model and
prototype should be the same, but the directions of velocity and acceleration at the
corresponding points in the model and prototype also should be parallel
• Let
VP1 = Velocity of fluid at point 1 in prototype
UP2 = Velocity of fluid at point 2 in prototype
aP1 = Acceleration of fluid at point 1 in prototype
aP2 = Acceleration of fluid at point 2 in prototype
• Similarly Vm1, Vm2, am1, am2 = Corresponding values at the corresponding points of fluid
 SCALE UP METHODOLOGY
Similitude (Types of Similarities)
• For kinematic similarity, we must have
= = Vr
where Vr is the velocity ratio

• For acceleration, we must have,

= = ar
where ar is the acceleration ratio

• Also, the directions of the velocities in the model and prototype should be
the same
 SCALE UP METHODOLOGY
Similitude (Types of Similarities)
Dynamic Similarity
• Dynamic similarity means the similarity of forces between the model and prototype
• Dynamic similarity is said to exist between the model and the prototype if the ratios of the
corresponding forces acting at the corresponding points are equal
• Also, the directions of the corresponding forces at the corresponding points should be the same
• Let
(Fi)p = Inertia force at a point in prototype
(Fv)p = Viscous force at the point in the prototype
(Fg)p = Gravity force at the point in the prototype
• Similarly, (Fi)m (Fv)m (Fg)m = Corresponding values of forces at the corresponding point in the model
• For dynamic similarity, we have
= = ….. = Fr
where Fr is the force ratio
• Also the directions of the corresponding forces at the corresponding points in the model and
 SCALE UP METHODOLOGY
Forces Acting In Moving Fluid
• Inertia Force (Fi): It is equal to the product of mass and acceleration of the flowing fluid and acts
in the direction opposite to the direction of acceleration. It is always existing in the fluid flow
problems. Fi = ρAV2
• Viscous Force (Fv): It is equal to the product of shear stress due to viscosity and surface area of
the flow. It is present in fluid flow problems where viscosity is having an important role to play. Fv =
µA
• Gravity Force (Fg): It is equal to the product of mass and acceleration due to the gravity of the
flowing fluid. It is present in the case of open surface flow. Fg = ρALg
• Pressure Force (Fp): It is equal to the product of pressure intensity and cross-sectional area of the
flowing fluid. It is present in the case of pipe flow. (Fp) = pA
• Surface Tension Force (Fs): It is equal to the product of surface tension and the length of the
surface of the flowing fluid. Fs = σL
• Elastic Force (Fe): It is equal to the product of elastic stress and the area of the flowing fluid. Fe =
KL2
• Fluid elasticity means how idle the liquid is on exerting pressure on the fluid to compact its volume
 SCALE UP METHODOLOGY
Dimensionless Numbers
• Reynold’s Number = Re = = where = dynamic viscosity = where = kinematic viscosity

• Froude’s Number = Fe = =

• Euler’s Number = Eu = =

• Weber’s Number = We = =

• Mach’s Number = M = = where C = velocity of sound in the fluid = where K = elastic stress
 SCALE UP METHODOLOGY
Model Laws or Similarity Laws
• The condition for existence of complete dynamic similarity between a model and its prototype are
denoted by equation obtained from dimensionless numbers
• For the dynamic similarity between the model and the prototype, the ratio of the corresponding
forces acting at the corresponding points in the model and prototype should be equal. The ratio of
the forces is dimensionless numbers.
• It means for the dynamic similarity between the model and prototype, the dimensionless
numbers should be the same for the model and the prototype. But it is quite difficult to
satisfy the condition that all the dimensionless numbers (i.e., R e, Fe, We Eu, and M) are the same for
the model and prototype
• Hence models are designed on the basis of the ratio of the force, which is dominating in the
phenomenon
• The laws on which the models are designed for dynamic similarity are called model laws or laws of
similarity
• List the various model laws applied in model analysis:-
Reynold’s Model Law
Froude’s Model Law
 SCALE UP METHODOLOGY
Model Laws or Similarity Laws
• Reynold’s model law - For the flow, where in addition to inertia force the viscous force is the only
other predominant force, the similarity of flow in the model and its prototype can be established, if
the Reynold’s number is same for both the systems. This is known as Reynold’s model law. Re(p) =
Re(m)
• Froude’s model law - When the forces of gravity can be considered to be the only predominant force
which controls the motion in addition to the force of inertia, the dynamic similarities of the flow in
any two such systems can be established, if the Froude number for both the system is the same.
This is known as Froude Model Law. Fe(p) = Fe(m)
• Euler’s model law - In a fluid system where applied pressures are the controlling forces in addition to
inertia forces and other forces are either entirely absent or insignificant the Euler’s number for both
the model and prototype which known as Euler Model Law. Eu(p) = Eu (m)
• Weber’s model law - When surface tension effect predominates in addition to inertia force then the
dynamic similarity is obtained by equating the Weber’s number for both model and its prototype,
which is called as Weber Model Law. We(p) = We(m)
• Mach’s model law - If in any phenomenon only the forces resulting from elastic compression are
significant in addition to inertia forces and all other forces may be neglected, then the dynamic
similarity between model and its prototype may be achieved by equating the Mach’s number for
 SCALE UP METHODOLOGY
Model Laws or Similarity Laws: scale ratio
• Froude’s model law: - Fe(m) = Fe (p)
=
If the tests on model are performed on the same place where prototype is to operate, then
gm = g p
=
= =
=
Where,
Lr = = scale ratio for length
Vr = = scale ratio for velocity
Scale ratio for velocity = Vr = =
 SCALE UP METHODOLOGY
Model Laws or Similarity Laws: scale ratio
• Scale ratio for time
time = =
Scale ratio for time = Tr = = = x = Lr x =
Scale ratio for time = Tr = =
• Scale ratio for acceleration = ar = = 1
• Scale ratio for discharge = Qr = = (Lr)2.5
• Scale ratio for force = Fr = = (Lr)3
• Scale ratio for pressure intensity = Pr = = Lr
• Scale ratio for torque = Tr* = = (Lr)4
• Scale ratio for power = Pr = = (Lr)3.5
 SCALE UP METHODOLOGY
• Example – A pipe of diameter 1.5 m is required to transport an oil of sp. gr. 0.90 and viscosity 3x10 -2
poise at the rate of 3000 litre/s. Tests were conducted on a 15 cm diameter pipe using water at
20oC. Find the velocity and rate of flow in the model. Given:- viscosity of water at 20 oC = 0.01 poise
• Solution –
Following data of prototype are given in the problem –
Diameter = Dp = 1.5 m (given)
Viscosity of oil = p = 3x10-2 poise (given)
Volumetric flow rate = Qp = 3000 L/s = 3 m3/s (given)
Sp. Gr. of oil = Sp = 0.9 (given)
Density of oil = ρp = Sp x 1000 = 0.9 x 1000 = 900 kg/m3
Following data of model are given in the problem –
Diameter = Dm = 15 cm = 0.15 m (given)
Viscosity of water = = 0.01 poise = 1x10-2 poise (given)
Density of water = ρ = 1000 kg/m3 (known)
 SCALE UP METHODOLOGY
• Dynamic similarity needs to be established by making Re in model and prototype equal,
Re(m) = Re(p)
=
=
= = = = 1.697 m/s
Putting the value of in dynamic similarity equation,
=
= 5.091 m/s ANSWER

= area x = x = x = 0.0899 m3/s = 89.9 L/s ANSWER

 SCALE UP METHODOLOGY
• Example – The characteristics of the spillway are to be studied by means of a geometrically similar
model constructed to the scale of 1:10.
i. If the maximum rate of flow in the prototype is 28.3 m3/sec, what will be the corresponding flow in
the model?
ii. If 2.4m/sec is the value of velocity at a point on the spillway in model, what will be the
corresponding velocity in prototype?
iii. If 3.5 Nm energy dissipated per second in model, what will be the energy dissipation per second in
prototype?
• Solution –
= (given)
Scale ratio for length = Lr = 10
Equation for Scale ratio for discharge: Qr = = (Lr)2.5
Qm = = = 0.0895 m3/s ANSWER
Equation for Scale ratio for velocity: V r = = (Lr)0.5
Vp = Vm x (Lr)0.5 = 2.4x (10)0.5 = 7.589 m/s ANSWER
Equation for Scale ratio for power: Pr = = = (Lr)3.5
 SCALE UP METHODOLOGY
• Example – The pressure drop in an aeroplane model of size 1/40 of its prototype is 80 N/cm 2. The
model is tested in water. Find the corresponding pressure drop in the prototype. Given:- density of
air = 1.24 kg/m3; viscosity of water = 0.01 poise; viscosity of air = 0.00018 poise
• Solution –
Following data of prototype are given in the problem –
Viscosity of air = p = 0.00018 poise (given)
Density of air = ρp = 1.24 kg/m3 (given)
Following data of model are given in the problem –
Viscosity of water = = 0.01 poise (given)
Density of water = ρm = 1000 kg/m3 (known)
Pressure drop = Pm = 80 N/cm2 = 800000 N/m2 (given)
Linear scale ratio = Lr = = 40 (given)
Since, both viscous force and pressure force are involved, Reynolds’ Model Law and Euler’s
Model Law are to be applied for dynamic similarity between the model and the prototype
 SCALE UP METHODOLOGY
• Reynolds’ Model Law: Re(m) = Re(p)
=
= x x = 40 x x = 2.755
= 2.755
• Euler’s Model Law: Eu(m) = Eu(p)
=
=

2.755 =
Pressure drop in prototype = Pp = 0.01306 N/cm2 ANSWER
 SCALE UP METHODOLOGY
Model Testing of Partially Sub-Merged Bodies
• Testing of a ship model in water
• Ship in water – a partially sub-merged body
• Drag force or total resistance experienced by the ship = wave resistance + frictional resistance
• Wave resistance – resistance offered by the waves on the free-sea surface
• Frictional or viscous resistance - resistance offered by the water on the surface of contact of the ship
with water
• Forces present in case of a partially sub-merged bodies – inertia force, gravity force and viscous
force
• To establish a dynamic similarity between the model and its prototype, following model laws need to
be applied:-
1) Reynold model law (ratio of inertia force to viscous force)
2) Froude model law (ratio of inertia force to gravity force)
• Applying Reynold model law,
Re(m) = Re(p)
 SCALE UP METHODOLOGY
Model Testing of Partially Sub-Merged Bodies
V m L m = V pL p
Vm =
Vm = L r Vp
• Applying Froude’s model law,
Fe(m) = Fe (p)
=
If the tests on model are performed on the same place where prototype is to operate, then g m = gp
=
Vm = x Vp
Vm =
Velocity of the fluid in the models are different – both models cannot be satisfied - dynamic
similarity between the model and its prototype cannot be established
 SCALE UP METHODOLOGY
Model Testing of Partially Sub-Merged Bodies
• WHAT IS THE WAY OUT? – METHOD FOR TESTING OF A PARTIALLY SUB-MERGED BODY
• STEP 1 - total resistance experienced by the ship = wave resistance + frictional resistance
Let
total resistance experienced by prototype = (R)p
wave resistance experienced by prototype = (Rw)p
frictional resistance experienced by prototype = (Rf)p
total resistance experienced by model = (R)m
wave resistance experienced by model = (Rw)m
frictional resistance experienced by model = (Rf)m
For prototype, (R)p = (Rw)p + (Rf)p
For model, (R)m = (Rw)m + (Rf)m
• STEP 2 – frictional resistances for the model and the ship can be calculated using
 SCALE UP METHODOLOGY
Model Testing of Partially Sub-Merged Bodies
where,
fp = frictional resistance per unit area per unit velocity of prototype
Ap = wetted surface area of prototype
Vp = velocity of prototype
n = constant
fm = frictional resistance per unit area per unit velocity of model
Am = wetted surface area of model
Vm = velocity of model
total resistance experienced by model = (R)m
wave resistance experienced by model = (Rw)m
frictional resistance experienced by model = (Rf)m
Values of f and f can be determined from experiments
 SCALE UP METHODOLOGY
Model Testing of Partially Sub-Merged Bodies
• STEP 3 – Wave resistance of the model can be calculated: (Rw)m = (R)m - (Rf)m
• STEP 4 – the model is tested by towing it in water contained in towing tank such that the
dynamic similarity for Froude Number is satisfied: Fe(m) = Fe (p)
• Velocity Vm of the model can now be calculated from this condition
• Values of wave resistance (Rw)m and velocity Vm of can be used in the following expression
to calculate wave resistance of the prototype (Rw)p
• STEP 5 – expression for resistance experienced by the ship by dimensional analysis,
= Φ [ , ] = Φ [Re, Fe2]
Resistance is a function of Re and Fe
Dynamic similarity between model and prototype for wave resistance only,
=
(Rw)p = x
 SCALE UP METHODOLOGY
Model Testing of Partially Sub-Merged Bodies
We have,
Fe(m) = Fe (p)
=
If the tests on model are performed on the same place where prototype is to operate, then
gm = g p
=
Vm = x Vp
Putting this expression for Vm in equation of (Rw)p , we get
(Rw)p = x x (Rw)m
• STEP 6 – Total resistance experienced by the ship = (R)p = (Rw)p + (Rf)p
(R)p = x x (Rw)m + fpApVp2
 SCALE UP METHODOLOGY
• Example – A 1 in 20 model of a naval ship having a sub-merged surface area of 5 m 2 and length 8 m
has a total drag of 20 N when towed through water at a velocity of 1.5 m/s. Calculate the total drag
on the prototype when moving at the corresponding speed. Use the relation F f = CfρAV2 for
calculating the skin (frictional) resistance. The value of C f is given by Cf = . Take kinematic viscosity
and density of sea-water as 0.01 stokes and 1000 kg/m3.
• Solution –
Linear scale ratio = Lr = = 20 (given)
Following data of model are given in the problem –
Sub-merged area of model = = 5 m2 (given)
Length of model = Lm = 8 m (given)
Total drag of model = = 20 N (given)
Velocity of model = = 1.5 m/s (given)
Assuming the following for prototype –
Sub-merged area of prototype = Length of prototype = Lp
Total drag of prototype = Velocity of prototype =
 SCALE UP METHODOLOGY
Fluid in model = fluid in prototype = sea-water
Kinematic viscosity of water = ν = ν = 0.01 stokes = 0.01 cm2/s = 0.01x10-4 m2/s
Density of water = ρm = ρp = 1000 kg/m3
As per the question, (Rf)m = Ff = CfρAV2
where, Cf =
Re(m) = = = = 1.2x107
Now, Cf = = Cfm = = = 2.82x10-3
Now, (Rf)m = (Ff)m = CfmρmAmVm2 = x2.82x10-3x1000x0.5x(1.5)2 = 15.862 N

we know that, (R)m = (Rw)m + (Rf)m

(Rw)m = (R)m - (Rf)m = 20 - 15.862 = 4.138 N
Wave resistance experienced by the ship = (Rw)p = x x (Rw)m = 1xx4.138 = 1x20x4.138 =
33104 N
Skin resistance experienced by the ship = (Rf)p = (Ff)p= CfpρpApVp2
 SCALE UP METHODOLOGY
Applying Froude law model for determining Vp,
Fe(m) = Fe (p)
=
If the tests on model are performed on the same place where prototype is to operate, then g m = gp
=
Vp = x Vm = x Vm = x1.5 = 6.708 m/s
= (Lr)2 = (20)2 = 400
Ap = x400 = 5x400 = 2000 m2
Lp = xLr = 8x20 = 160 m
Now, Cfp = = = = = = 1.1486x10-3
Now, (Rf)p = (Ff)p = CfpρpApVp2 = x1.1486x10-3x1000x2000x(6.708)2 = 51683.8 N

Total drag on the prototype = (R)p = (Rw)p + (Rf)p = 33104 + 51683.8 = 84787.8 N
ANSWER